Characteristics of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk Assessment in the Inland River Water Environment of Wuhu City

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20230602

Abstract

Abstract:

To assess the health risks associated with heavy metals in Wuhu’s inland waters, we selected sampling sections in three typical urban rivers in Wuhu to test the concentrations of six heavy metals—Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. We used a health risk model to evaluate the potential risks these metals pose to human health. Analysis of water samples revealed that Mn and Ni exceeded Class III water quality standards (according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838—2002)), while Cr and Pb also surpassed the standard at certain locations. Principal component analysis identified that Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn are influenced by industrial and domestic sources, Pb is associated with traffic, and Cr is affected by both natural geological factors and human activities. The health risk assessment indicated no non-carcinogenic risk for the six metals overall. However, there was a non-carcinogenic risk in the Huicheng River Channel and the Zhongshan South Road Channel, and a carcinogenic risk for Cr and Ni through direct intake pathways. These findings offer guidance for measures and recommendations to mitigate heavy metal pollution in Wuhu’s urban inland waters and ensure safe drinking water for residents.

Key words: inland rivers of Wuhu City, urban rivers, heavy metals, principal component analysis, health risk assessment

CLC Number:

X824水质评价
P592

Cite this article

WANG Xing-ming, SHEN Jie, FAN Ting-yu, CHU Zhao-xia, DONG Zhong-bing, DONG Peng, LIANG Shu-ying, DENG Rui-lai. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Distribution and Health Risk Assessment in the Inland River Water Environment of Wuhu City[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2024, 41(9): 44-52.

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URL: http://ckyyb.crsri.cn/EN/10.11988/ckyyb.20230602

http://ckyyb.crsri.cn/EN/Y2024/V41/I9/44

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 Distribution of water systems and sampling sites in the study area

Table 1 Values of each parameter used for the calculation of risk index[19]

人群	IR/ (L·d^-1)	EF/ (d·a^-1)	ED/a	BW/kg	AT/d
成人	2.2	350	30	65	30×365
儿童	1.1	320	6	22	6×365

Table 1 Values of each parameter used for the calculation of risk index[19]

人群	IR/ (L·d^-1)	EF/ (d·a^-1)	ED/a	BW/kg	AT/d
成人	2.2	350	30	65	30×365
儿童	1.1	320	6	22	6×365

Table 2 Values of heavy metal reference doses RfD and SF[18]

重金属	RfD/(mg·(kg·d)^-1)	SF/(mg·(kg·d)^-1)
Cr	0.030 0	0.5
Cu	0.040 0	—
Mn	0.046 0	—
Ni	0.020 0	0.84
Pb	0.001 4	—
Zn	0.030 0	—

Table 2 Values of heavy metal reference doses RfD and SF[18]

重金属	RfD/(mg·(kg·d)^-1)	SF/(mg·(kg·d)^-1)
Cr	0.030 0	0.5
Cu	0.040 0	—
Mn	0.046 0	—
Ni	0.020 0	0.84
Pb	0.001 4	—
Zn	0.030 0	—

Fig.2 Water quality indicators of Wuhu inland rivers

Table 3 Statistics of heavy metal concentrations in inland water bodies in Wuhu City

河道	项目	重金属浓度/(mg·L^-1)
河道	项目	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn
	最大值	0.034 5	0.046 7	0.125 0	0.029 2	0.012 5	0.175
	最小值	0.027 1	0.040 0	0.076 3	0.017 9	0.009 5	0.142 0
ZYC	平均值	0.030 4	0.042 2	0.100 0	0.025 3	0.012 0	0.154 0
	标准偏差	0.003 8	0.003 9	0.024 4	0.006 4	0.001 5	0.017 9
	变异系数/%	12.43	9.12	24.38	25.2	13.68	11.61
	最大值	0.053 3	0.046 3	0.145 0	0.040 0	0.095 0	0.143 0
	最小值	0.030 3	0.018 8	0.103 0	0.012 1	0.009 2	0.039 1
HC	平均值	0.038 9	0.030 4	0.117 0	0.028 0	0.025 3	0.116 0
	标准偏差	0.010 3	0.009 4	0.015 7	0.011 9	0.034 3	0.038 6
	变异系数/%	26.42	30.89	13.41	42.52	135.78	33.33
	最大值	0.043 3	0.067 1	0.271 0	0.068 0	0.058 8	0.222 0
	最小值	0.023 3	0.041 3	0.100 0	0.006 3	0.012 4	0.089 1
ZL	平均值	0.036 0	0.052 1	0.144 0	0.030 0	0.028 0	0.136 0
	标准偏差	0.007 4	0.008 5	0.052 7	0.024 4	0.017 9	0.043 6
	变异系数/%	20.62	16.31	36.64	82.48	64.14	31.97
GB3838—2002中Ⅲ类水标准上限^[25]		0.05	1.0	0.1	0.02	0.05	1.0
WHO标准上限^[25]		0.05	1.0	0.1	0.02	0.05	2.0

Table 3 Statistics of heavy metal concentrations in inland water bodies in Wuhu City

河道	项目	重金属浓度/(mg·L^-1)
河道	项目	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn
	最大值	0.034 5	0.046 7	0.125 0	0.029 2	0.012 5	0.175
	最小值	0.027 1	0.040 0	0.076 3	0.017 9	0.009 5	0.142 0
ZYC	平均值	0.030 4	0.042 2	0.100 0	0.025 3	0.012 0	0.154 0
	标准偏差	0.003 8	0.003 9	0.024 4	0.006 4	0.001 5	0.017 9
	变异系数/%	12.43	9.12	24.38	25.2	13.68	11.61
	最大值	0.053 3	0.046 3	0.145 0	0.040 0	0.095 0	0.143 0
	最小值	0.030 3	0.018 8	0.103 0	0.012 1	0.009 2	0.039 1
HC	平均值	0.038 9	0.030 4	0.117 0	0.028 0	0.025 3	0.116 0
	标准偏差	0.010 3	0.009 4	0.015 7	0.011 9	0.034 3	0.038 6
	变异系数/%	26.42	30.89	13.41	42.52	135.78	33.33
	最大值	0.043 3	0.067 1	0.271 0	0.068 0	0.058 8	0.222 0
	最小值	0.023 3	0.041 3	0.100 0	0.006 3	0.012 4	0.089 1
ZL	平均值	0.036 0	0.052 1	0.144 0	0.030 0	0.028 0	0.136 0
	标准偏差	0.007 4	0.008 5	0.052 7	0.024 4	0.017 9	0.043 6
	变异系数/%	20.62	16.31	36.64	82.48	64.14	31.97
GB3838—2002中Ⅲ类水标准上限^[25]		0.05	1.0	0.1	0.02	0.05	1.0
WHO标准上限^[25]		0.05	1.0	0.1	0.02	0.05	2.0

Table 4 Heavy metal concentrations in water bodiesof different rivers

河道	重金属浓度/(mg·L^-1)
河道	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn
研究区 (芜湖内河)	0.036 0	0.043 2	0.128 0	0.028 3	0.024 2	0.133 0
福建白马河^[26]		0.325 0	0.023 0		0.014 0	0.143 0
宁波内河^[27]	0.225 3	0.043 2	0.066 4	0.028 3	0.081 1	0.132 5
贵州内河^[28]		0.001 2	0.010 8		0.003 8	0.006 8
Xiaohe River^[29]	0.022 5	0.025 3		0.005 5	0.003 5	0.078 2
Ganga River^[30]	0.050 0	0.031 3	0.050 0	0.040 5	0.095 7	0.050 0

Table 4 Heavy metal concentrations in water bodiesof different rivers

河道	重金属浓度/(mg·L^-1)
河道	Cr	Cu	Mn	Ni	Pb	Zn
研究区 (芜湖内河)	0.036 0	0.043 2	0.128 0	0.028 3	0.024 2	0.133 0
福建白马河^[26]		0.325 0	0.023 0		0.014 0	0.143 0
宁波内河^[27]	0.225 3	0.043 2	0.066 4	0.028 3	0.081 1	0.132 5
贵州内河^[28]		0.001 2	0.010 8		0.003 8	0.006 8
Xiaohe River^[29]	0.022 5	0.025 3		0.005 5	0.003 5	0.078 2
Ganga River^[30]	0.050 0	0.031 3	0.050 0	0.040 5	0.095 7	0.050 0

Fig.3 Stacked graph of average heavy metal concentrations in Wuhu’s inland water bodies

Fig.4 Correlation between heavy metal concentrations and physicochemical properties of water bodies

Fig.5 Correlation analysis of heavy metals in Wuhu’s inland water bodies

Table 5 Results of principal component analysis of heavymetals in Wuhu’s inland water bodies

重金属	因子载荷
重金属	PC1	PC2	PC3
Cu	0.836	0.37	0.047
Ni	0.716	-0.041	-0.183
Mn	0.65	0.018	0.489
Zn	0.536	-0.527	-0.302
Pb	-0.046	0.857	0.152
Cr	-0.073	-0.411	0.788
特征值	1.93	1.32	1.01
贡献率/%	32.15	22.00	16.84
累计贡献率/%	32.15	54.15	70.99

Table 5 Results of principal component analysis of heavymetals in Wuhu’s inland water bodies

重金属	因子载荷
重金属	PC1	PC2	PC3
Cu	0.836	0.37	0.047
Ni	0.716	-0.041	-0.183
Mn	0.65	0.018	0.489
Zn	0.536	-0.527	-0.302
Pb	-0.046	0.857	0.152
Cr	-0.073	-0.411	0.788
特征值	1.93	1.32	1.01
贡献率/%	32.15	22.00	16.84
累计贡献率/%	32.15	54.15	70.99

Table 6 Non-carcinogenic risk indices and non-carcinogenic risk values for heavy metals in water bodies of different rivers in Wuhu

重金属	ZYC		HC		ZL
重金属	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
Cr	3.29×10^-2	4.44×10^-2	4.21×10^-2	5.69×10^-2	3.89×10^-2	5.26×10^-2
Cu	3.43×10^-2	4.63×10^-2	2.47×10^-2	3.33×10^-2	4.23×10^-2	5.71×10^-2
Mn	7.08×10^-2	9.56×10^-2	8.28×10^-2	1.12×10^-1	1.01×10^-1	1.37×10^-1
Ni	4.10×10^-2	5.54×10^-2	4.54×10^-2	6.13×10^-2	4.79×10^-2	6.47×10^-2
Pb	2.54×10^-1	3.43×10^-1	5.85×10^-1	7.91×10^-1	6.48×10^-1	8.75×10^-1
Zn	1.67×10^-1	2.26×10^-1	1.25×10^-1	1.69×10^-1	1.47×10^-1	1.99×10^-1
HI	6.00×10^-1	8.11×10^-1	9.06×10^-1	1.22	1.03	1.39

Table 6 Non-carcinogenic risk indices and non-carcinogenic risk values for heavy metals in water bodies of different rivers in Wuhu

重金属	ZYC		HC		ZL
重金属	成人	儿童	成人	儿童	成人	儿童
Cr	3.29×10^-2	4.44×10^-2	4.21×10^-2	5.69×10^-2	3.89×10^-2	5.26×10^-2
Cu	3.43×10^-2	4.63×10^-2	2.47×10^-2	3.33×10^-2	4.23×10^-2	5.71×10^-2
Mn	7.08×10^-2	9.56×10^-2	8.28×10^-2	1.12×10^-1	1.01×10^-1	1.37×10^-1
Ni	4.10×10^-2	5.54×10^-2	4.54×10^-2	6.13×10^-2	4.79×10^-2	6.47×10^-2
Pb	2.54×10^-1	3.43×10^-1	5.85×10^-1	7.91×10^-1	6.48×10^-1	8.75×10^-1
Zn	1.67×10^-1	2.26×10^-1	1.25×10^-1	1.69×10^-1	1.47×10^-1	1.99×10^-1
HI	6.00×10^-1	8.11×10^-1	9.06×10^-1	1.22	1.03	1.39

Fig.6 Carcinogenic risk values for water bodies of different rivers in Wuhu

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