To assess the health risks associated with heavy metals in Wuhu’s inland waters, we selected sampling sections in three typical urban rivers in Wuhu to test the concentrations of six heavy metals—Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. We used a health risk model to evaluate the potential risks these metals pose to human health. Analysis of water samples revealed that Mn and Ni exceeded Class III water quality standards (according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838—2002)), while Cr and Pb also surpassed the standard at certain locations. Principal component analysis identified that Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn are influenced by industrial and domestic sources, Pb is associated with traffic, and Cr is affected by both natural geological factors and human activities. The health risk assessment indicated no non-carcinogenic risk for the six metals overall. However, there was a non-carcinogenic risk in the Huicheng River Channel and the Zhongshan South Road Channel, and a carcinogenic risk for Cr and Ni through direct intake pathways. These findings offer guidance for measures and recommendations to mitigate heavy metal pollution in Wuhu’s urban inland waters and ensure safe drinking water for residents.