随着国家生态文明建设的不断推进,生态补偿作为一项重要机制在研究和实践两方面都取得了积极进展。根据我国流域横向生态补偿案例及实践,对长江流域生态补偿内涵、对象、标准和模式进行初步分析,对几种急需开展的流域生态补偿类型及难题提出了解决建议。分析表明:无论是块状的自然保护地,还是跨行政区的水流及水生态的生态补偿,都需要考虑流域多要素和多利益主体的综合补偿,才能实现全流域的生态补偿;补偿标准的确定需要根据保护地类型和重要性,在生态服务价值与保护成本加发展机会成本或者环境质量改进增量之间选择;在补偿项目实施过程中,需要不断优化补偿要素和考核指标,才能使流域生态补偿持续推进。

With the continuous advance of China's national ecological civilization construction, ecological compensation, as an important mechanism, has attained positive progress in both research and practice. Based on the cases and practices of basin-scale horizontal ecological compensation in China, the connotation, object, standard and mode of ecological compensation in the Yangtze River Basin are analyzed preliminarily, and suggestions on the types and difficulties of several urgently needed basin-scale ecological compensation are put forward. The analysis manifests that regardless of block nature reserve or ecological compensation of water flow and water ecology across administrative regions, multi-factors and multi-interest subjects in the basin should be considered comprehensively. Moreover, the compensation standard should be determined among ecological service value, protection cost plus development opportunity cost or environmental quality improvement increment according to the type and importance of protected areas. In addition, during the implementation of compensation projects, the compensation elements and assessment indicators need to be optimized dynamically to promote the sustainable development of ecological compensation.

长江大保护是国家生态文明建设的重要组成部分,建立流域生态补偿制度是实施长江大保护重要机制。在总结流域生态补偿科学研究现状与实践的基础上,提出长江流域生态补偿中的关键科学问题和对策。分析表明:流域各地方及上下游之间的经济社会发展与生态环境保护时空关系及互馈机制、自然资源实物量和价值量动态核算与时空转换关系、市场化多元利益补偿模式等是建立长江流域生态补偿机制的关键科学问题。解决这些问题,不仅需要借鉴国外理论和方法,而且需要针对我国及长江流域自然资源禀赋及经济社会发展水平,将科学问题与管理问题结合,才能有效建立科学、合理的生态补偿机制,实现长江大保护和长江流域高质量发展。

Yangtze River Protection is a crucial part of the Chinese national ecological civilization construction. Establishing ecological compensation system for the river basin is a pivotal mechanism of implementing the Yangtze River Protection. The current research situation and practice of ecological compensation in the Yangtze River Basin are summarized. On this basis, the key scientific issues and potential solutions in the ecological compensation of the Yangtze River Basin are put forward. The key scientific issues include: the spatial-temporal relationship and mutual feedback mechanism of economic and social development and eco-environmental protection and between upstream and downstream areas of the basin, the dynamic accounting and space-time conversion relation of the physical and value amounts of natural resources, and the market-oriented multi-stakeholder compensation modes. In order to solve these problems, we should not only learn from foreign theories and methods, but also combine scientific problems with management problems according to the natural resources endowment and economic and social development level of China and the Yangtze River Basin. Only in this way can we establish an effective, scientific and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism and realize the great protection of the Yangtze River and the high-quality development of the river basin.

建立流域横向生态补偿机制是协调流域治理与保护的重要途径。自2012年全国首个跨省流域新安江生态补偿机制试点实施以来,至今全国已有13个跨省流域建立了生态补偿机制。长江流域跨省横向生态补偿机制实施后,跨省流域治理水平明显提高,但跨省流域横向生态补偿机制建立和实践过程面临着激励功能发挥有限、流域协调不足、水质补偿基准局限等问题。从管理视角解析了跨省流域横向生态补偿的科学问题,明晰了跨省横向生态补偿机制的核心要义,从强化激励功能和促进协同角度,提出回归跨省流域横向生态补偿的应然激励功能、发挥长江流域协调机制功能、构建符合长江流域资源禀赋特点的补偿基准体系等建议。研究成果可为长江流域全流域横向生态补偿机制完善提供参考。