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Impact of Three Gorges Reservoir Operation on Ecological Flow and Ecological Effects of Three Outlets of Jingjiang River
CAO Yan-min, WANG Chong-yu, LI Xiao-dong, PEI Xuan-ming, YANG Yi, FENG Xuan
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11) : 23-31.
PDF(1851 KB)
PDF(1851 KB)
Impact of Three Gorges Reservoir Operation on Ecological Flow and Ecological Effects of Three Outlets of Jingjiang River
In order to analyze the impact characteristics of the Three Gorges Reservoir operation process on the ecological flow and ecological effects of three outlets of the Jingjiang River, we use daily flow data of Xinjiangkou, Shadaoguan, Mituo Temple, Kangjiagang, and Guanjiapu, which are the main five hydrological control stations in the three outlets of the Jingjiang River, from 1988 to 2020. The changes in ecological surplus and ecological deficit indicators are calculated using the flow duration curve (FDC), and the overall hydrological variability D0 is calculated to evaluate the ecological runoff and hydrological change characteristics of the three outlets of the Jingjiang River. The research results indicate that: (1) after the operation of the Three Gorges, the proportion of Songzi in the flow of Jingjiang River flowing into Dongting Lake continues to increase, while the proportion of Ouchi and Taiping continues to decrease; the annual and flood season flow rates at Ouchi and Taiping show a significant downward trend; during the dry season, the flow rate at Songzi increases by 2.5 times compared to its natural state.(2) The average number of days of zero flow at Kangjiagang Station has increased by 30.88 days, showing an increasing trend, while at Mituo, it has decreased by 21.62 days, showing a decreasing trend.(3) After the operation of the Three Gorges, the overall FDC curve decreased, especially in the upper part, with a significant decrease in the magnitude and frequency of high flow rates; except for the low flow area of FDC at Xinjiangkou Station in Songzikou which exceeds the area before the operation of the Three Gorges, other stations with high and low flow cannot fully cover the areas where high and low flow occurred before the operation of the Three Gorges.(4) Due to the continuous decrease in the proportion of Kangjiagang and Guanjiapu in the flow from Ouchi to Dongting Lake, and the continuous increase in the proportion of Guanjiapu, the Kangjiagang and Guanjiapu stations continued to experience ecological deficits and surplus from 2003 to 2020.(5) The changes in the Xinjiangkou Station at Songzikou during the trial operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (2003-2008) and after the trial operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (2009-2020) reached 66.68% and 72.46%, indicating a obvious change, while the remaining control stations showed moderate changes. The operation of the Three Gorges has led to long-term ecological deficits or surplus in some areas, which is not conducive to the river ecosystem. It is recommended that basin managers strengthen monitoring of changes in the diversion ratio of different branches at the same outlet and carry out corresponding ecological impact management work.
ecological surplus / ecological deficit / range of variability approach (RVA) / hydrological change / Three Gorges operation / three outlets of Jingjiang
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研究河道断流演变特征对认识区域水文过程及人类活动具有重要作用。论文依据1951—2014年水文气候实测数据,运用Mann-Kendall检验法,以及蒸散发-断流天数和降水-径流双累积曲线统计模型等方法分析了长江中游荆南三口断流时间演变特征及其影响机制,结果表明：1）对各时期荆南三口平均断流天数而言,1951—2014年呈逐期増加趋势,且趋势性变化显著,而在2003—2014年间,断流天数虽也增加,但趋势性变化不显著,即增加趋势逐渐减缓;2）影响荆南三口断流天数增减変化的是径流变化过程,而导致径流变化的又是以降水和蒸散发为代表的气候因素和以水利工程、各行业（农业）用水为标志的人类活动;3）影响荆南三口断流天数持续增加的主要驱动因素是人类活动,以各自时段前一时段为基准期,1959—1966、1967—1972、1973—1980、1981—2002、2003—2014年的5个变异期中,气候波动对荆南三口断流天数增加的贡献率依次为24.93%、19.05%、6.36%、10.38%、7.56%;人类活动影响的贡献率分别为75.07%、80.95%、93.64%、89.62%、92.44%。
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The evolution characteristics of dried up days of river play an important role in recognizing the regional hydrological processes and clarifying the influencing mechanism of human activities, such as hydraulic engineering and water allocation in various fields. Based on the hydrological and climatic data from 1951 to 2014, this study uses Mann-Kendall methods and statistic models of precipitation and runoff accumulation curve to analyze the temporal evolution of dried up days and the influencing mechanisms at the Three Outlets of southern Jingjiang in the middle reach of Yangtze River. The results are as follows: 1) The average dried up days at the Three Outlets increased during 1951-2014 and the trend was significant. The average dried up days also increased during the period of 2003-2014, but the trend was not obvious, namely, the increase trend of the dried up days slowed down. 2) The variation of dried up days was controlled by the variation of runoff at the Three Outlets. And the runoff variations could be explained by climate fluctuations, such as precipitation and evapotranspiration, and human activities, such as hydraulic engineering and water allocation. Which one is the main control remains uncertain. So it is important to separate the influence factors. 3) Using the previous period as the reference period, the contributions of climate fluctuation to the increment of dried up days in each period were 24.93%, 19.05%, 6.36%, 10.38% and 7.56% during the five periods (1959-1966, 1967-1972, 1972-1980, 1981-2002 and 2003-2014), respectively, whereas the contributions of human activity were 75.07%, 80.75%, 93.64%, 89.62% and 92.44% respectively. The result revealed that the increment of dried up days was mainly dominated by human activities from 1951 to 2014.
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Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the linkage hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake was analyzed by comparative method after the operation of Three Gorges Project. Firstly, the results showed that the scour amount in Jingjiang River was 78.9% of the total scour amount from Yichang to Chenglingji, and that its average scour intensity was higher than the total scour intensity from Yichang to Chenglingji, too. Secondly, the dividing-water and dividing-sand ratios in the three bayous of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately. Thirdly, the average runoff and sediment in the three bayous flowing into the Dongting Lake were reduced by 7.7% and 24.4%, respectively. Fourthly, the speed of sediment filling-up was lowered by 26.7%, which would prolong natural life of the Dongting Lake. In flood season, the runoff amount of the Jingjiang River flowing into the Dongting Lake was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value. The decreases of runoff amount induced droughts in summer and fall, as well as shortage of drinking water and industry water, shipping safety, similarly led to the decrease of birds and the increase of the oriental field mice. Finally, the multi-year average values of sediment and flood discharge capacity in bayous were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, which protected embankment effectively. |
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The diverted flow from three outlets of Jingjiang River is an important part of inlet flow of the Dongting Lake. Its changes would affect the relationship between the Yangtze River and the Dongting Lake. Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, changes in the diverted flow from the three outlets has been closely related to incoming flow decrease and runoff process change in the Yangtze River. In this article, according to measured data, the relationship between discharge of mainstream Jingjiang River and diverted flow of three outlets was analyzed, and the durations of middle flow and high flow of mainstream Jingjiang River before and after the reservoir impoundment were compared. Moreover, the influence of runoff process change caused by reservoir storage on the three outlets was also researched. Results revealed that 1) the diverted flow from three outlets is dependent on the number of days of middle flow and high flow in mainstream Jingjiang River. The diverted flow from three outlets reduced due to decreases in incoming flow and middle-and-high-flow durations caused by reservoir storage and regulation; 2) in running period of 139 m water level, the reservoir runoff changed slightly, which had no big influence on the three outlets; 3) in typical year of running period of 156 m water level, impoundment process has the biggest influence on three outlets, with the total diverted flow decreasing by 770 million m<sup>3</sup>, whereas in other periods the influence was small; 4) in running period of 175 m water level, flood storage in flood season and impoundment in storage period significantly affected the duration of middle flow and high flow in Jingjiang River, causing a decrease of 8.31 billion m<sup>3</sup> in total diverted flow of three outlets.
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Ｒiver flow is the most important condition of the benign cycle of the ecological environment． This paper selects three outlets( Hudukou，Ouchikou，Songzikou) as the control sections，the minimal ecological flow by year distribution calculation method，IHA－ＲVA method is used to calculate the river optimal ecological flow，and prove the rationality of using the Tennant Method，according to the three outlets status and history of hydrology analysis of ecological water level of protection． The calculation results show that the hudukou，Ouchikou and Songzikou outlets of the minimal ecological flow is 264．3，241．3，680 m3 /s，respectively，the average natural flow 44．4%，16．4%，46．9%．Hudukou，Ouchi and Songzi outlet of optimal ecological flow is 409．5，613．2，1 017．2 m3 /s，respectively，the average natural flow68．8%，41．7%，70．1%． The results will provide a scientific basis for the rational management and management of water resources and the protection and restoration of the ecosystem．
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