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土质和砾石对堆积体入渗和产沙影响的试验研究
李建明, 刘晨曦, 张长伟, 王文龙, 王一峰, 郭明明, 康宏亮, 孙宝洋
长江科学院院报 ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (12) : 73-81.
PDF(7222 KB)
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土质和砾石对堆积体入渗和产沙影响的试验研究
Effects of Soil Texture and Gravel on Infiltration and Sediment Yield of Engineering Spoil Heaps under Rainfall Condition
针对土质和砾石影响堆积体入渗和产沙的机制问题,基于人工模拟降雨试验,定量研究3种土质(砂土、壤土和黏土)和4种砾石质量分数(10%、20%、30%,不含砾石的裸坡(CK)作为对照)堆积体在3种降雨强度(1.0、1.5、2.0 mm/min)下的入渗和产沙过程特征。 结果表明: ①砂土入渗速率呈持续下降趋势,而壤土和黏土分别在产流6 min和3~18 min达到稳定入渗;砾石抑制砂土入渗,但促进黏土入渗,壤土初始入渗和稳定入渗均随砾石质量分数增大而递增。②砂土平均入渗速率分别是壤土和黏土的0.88~2.40倍和1.04~2.18倍;利用Horton入渗模型可较好预测壤土和黏土降雨过程中任意时刻入渗速率,与实测值的误差在0.61%~6.82%范围内。③砂土侵蚀发生在整个降雨过程,且后期的侵蚀较初期更严重,而壤土和黏土前期侵蚀量显著大于后期;砂土平均侵蚀速率分别是壤土和黏土的4.74倍和2.84倍。④在降雨强度1.5、2.0 mm/min时,砾石对砂土和壤土起到显著抑制侵蚀作用,但1.0 mm/min雨强时砾石增大砂土和黏土侵蚀。研究结果可为建立工程堆积体土壤侵蚀模型提供数据基础,具有较强的理论和实践价值。
The influence of soil and gravel on the infiltration and sediment yield on engineering spoil heaps was investigated via artificial simulated rainfall experiments. Three soil types (sand, loam, and clay) and gravel mass fractions (10%, 20%, and 30%, with bare slope as control) were evaluated under three rainfall intensities (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm/min). The findings are summarized as follows: 1) sandy soils exhibited a continuous decrease in infiltration rate, whereas loam and clay showed stable infiltration at 6 min and 3-18 min, respectively. Gravel inhibited the infiltration of sandy soils but promoted it in clay soils. The initial and stable infiltration rates of loam increased with higher gravel mass fraction. 2) The average infiltration rate of sandy soil was 0.88-2.40 times and 1.04-2.18 times those of loam and clay, respectively. The Horton infiltration model effectively predicted the infiltration rates of loam and clay during rainfall, with errors ranging from 0.61% to 6.82%. 3) Erosion in sandy soils occurred throughout the entire rainfall process, becoming more severe in the later stages. In contrast, initial erosion in loam and clay was significantly greater than in the later stages. The average erosion rate of sandy soil was 4.74 times and 2.84 times those of loam and clay, respectively. 4) Gravel significantly inhibited erosion in sandy soil and loam at rainfall intensities of 1.5 and 2.0 mm/min, but increased erosion in sandy soil and clay at 1.0 mm/min. These results provide data foundation for developing soil erosion models for engineering spoil heaps, offering both theoretical and practical values.
堆积体 / 不同土质 / 砾石质量分数 / 模拟降雨 / 入渗 / 产沙
spoil heaps / soil texture / mass fraction of gravel / rainfall simulation / infiltration / sediment yield
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