01 July 2014, Volume 31 Issue 7

    

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RIVERLAKE SEDIMENTATION AND REGULATION
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  Characteristics of River Regime Variation of Yangtze River Estuary in the Past 15 Years and Their Enlightenment on Estuary Regulation

  ZHAO De-zhao, LIU Jie, ZHANG Jun-yong, CHENG Hai-feng, WANG Zhen-zhen

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 1-6,20. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.001

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  Since the construction of Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel Regulation Project began in 1998, tracking survey and analysis on the river regime of Yangtze Estuary have been carried out regularly. On this basis, the characteristics of overall river regime variation of Yangtze Estuary in the past 15 years are analyzed and summarized systematically from macro perspectives. Some enlightenments of riverbed evolution on estuary regulation are also discussed. Results show that the river regime variation in the past 15 years is still in overall accordance with mode of estuary’s historical development proposed by Chen Ji-yu et al(1979). Major hydraulic projects including the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel Regulation Project and the Qingcaosha reservoir play an important role in keeping the stability of river pattern(three-order bifurcations and four outlets into sea). The adjustment of bed erosion and deposition in the Yangtze Estuary tends to slowdown after 2007 in general, and the effect of runoff process on in-year change of erosion and deposition in the Yangtze Estuary is still obvious. Future regulation on the estuary should be in accordance with the trend of evolving towards the southeast direction, the interaction effect of estuarine works should be considered, and the implementation of comprehensive regulation planning should be accelerated.
  
  
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  Regularity of Recent Sedimentation in Danjiangkou Reservoir Area of Mainstream Hanjiang River

  LIN Yun-fa, LUO Yuan, YE Zhi-xiong, ZHAO Yi-jun

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 7-12. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.002

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  The construction of Danjiangkou reservoir has changed the natural water and sediment conditions. After years of operation, the riverbed in the reservoir was reformed. Previous researches only dealt with the period up to 2003. To understand the recent sedimentation in the reservoir, we calculated the sedimentation using method of section based on section data of Danjiangkou reservoir in 2003, 2009 and 2011. According to the calculation result, the sediment distribution in longitudinal, transverse and vertical directions are compared and analyzed. Results reveal that sediment deposits more at wide sections than at narrow valleys, with the entire sedimentation rate attenuating.
WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
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  Research Progress of Ecological Restoration and Aquatic Plant Community Construction for Urban Lake

  YANG Cheng, MA Jian-min

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 13-20. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.003

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  We introduce the application and development of classical theories of lake ecological restoration in China and abroad, and summarized factors which play important roles in the process of lake ecological restoration and the corresponding coping strategies. These factors include internal and external nutrient, illumination, phytoplankton, sediment, and biological disturbance. Exogenous point source pollution and non-point source pollution are generally controlled by building sewage networks and artificial wetlands; whereas endogenous pollutions, for example bottom sediment, are controlled via in-situ and off-site remediation techniques. Phytoplankton, which largely affects water quality, could be regulated and controlled by adopting physical, chemical, and bio-ecological methods. Together with human disturbance, fish and other aquatic animals as well as phytoplankton affect the growth and distribution of aquatic plants. Therefore, the effect of ecological factors must be considered in the restoration of lake water body by introducing aquatic plants.
WATERSOIL CONSERVATION AND ECOCONSTRUCTION
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  A Review on Identifying Agricultural NPS Pollution Sources by Using Stable N Isotope

  LI Li, REN Fei-peng, WANG Zhi-gang, ZHANG Ping-cang

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 21-28. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.004

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  Accurately identifying the sources of agricultural NPS pollution is the premise to control pollution and to carry out environmental protection policies. By comparing the δ¹⁵N values of potential pollution sources and water samples, we can easily and directly figure out the sources based on the different δ¹⁵N values. Qualitative identification of NPS pollution and quantitative calculation on contribution rate by using δ¹⁵N values have been done by researchers in China and abroad. In this paper, the fundamental principles of using this isotopic tracer to identify the NPS pollution sources is briefly introduced. The research progress in this regard is highlighted, present limitations and future prospects of this method are also presented.
ENGINEERING SAFETY AND DISASTER PREVENTION
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  Study on the Probability of Landslide Failure by Monte-Carlo Method

  LIAO Jing-gao,ZHAO Qi-hua,LIU Yu,CHEN Huan

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 29-33. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.005

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  Landslide is the most common geological disaster with the most severe damages. By ordinary stability calculation we can only obtain the stability, and by using Monte-Carlo method we can determine the failure probability of landslide, in which case, however, the values of c and φ are regarded as to obey normal distribution. In fact, the values of c and φ obey different distributions under different circumstances. In view of this, we discuss the calculation of failure probability with different c and φ values in different distributions. Results reveal that the calculated failure probability in consideration of variation coefficient and skewness coefficient is smaller than that not considering variation coefficient and skewness coefficient. And the calculation error under these two circumstances ranges from 10% to 25%. By this research, the accuracy of failure probability calculation is enhanced.
  
  
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  Safety Monitoring and Measurement Data Processing for Zhuzangdong Tunnel Construction

  QIU Qing-chang, XIE Ren-hong,WEN Hui-hui, QIN Zhi-guang

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 34-38. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.006

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  To ensure the construction safety of Zhuzangdong Tunnel of Gucheng-Zhuxi Expressway, the monitoring programs and early warning methods for surrounding rock deformation are optimized. On this basis, the measured deformation data of typical monitoring sections are analyzed through regression method and the measurement precision is analyzed by the regression model of exponential function. Results show that the regression values based on exponential function match well with the measured data, and reflect rock deformation after tunnel excavation. This research provides basis for the stability evaluation of rock and the determination of secondary lining time. Both the accumulative arch settlement and peripheral convergence of typical monitoring section are less than the alert value of displacement, indicating the surrounding rock of tunnel has better stability and the supporting structure is reliable.
HYDRAULICS
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  Calculation Method for Conjugate Depths of Hydraulic Jump in Consideration of Wall Resistance

  ZHANG Zhi-chang, ZHAO Ying

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 39-43. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.007

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  On the basis of previous researches on velocity distribution and wall shear stress in wall jet region, the boundary layer development and wall resistance coefficient in hydraulic jump region is studied through the boundary layer momentum integral equation, and according to momentum equation, the calculation method for conjugate depth of hydraulic jump in consideration of wall resistance is obtained. Research shows that in hydraulic jump region, the thickness of boundary layer increases along the flow. The wall resistance coefficient is mainly a function of roller length, depth and Froude number before the hydraulic jump, as well as kinematic viscosity coefficient. Hydraulic jump conjugate depth ratio is a function of Froude number before the hydraulic jump and wall resistance coefficient. Formulas of boundary layer development, conjugate depths of hydraulic jump and wall resistance coefficient are put forward, and the wall resistance coefficient is used to calculate hydraulic jump conjugate depths. The calculation formula is verified by test data from F.G.Carollo and W.C.Hughes, which proves that it has reasonable form, comprehensive parameters, simple calculation and sufficient accuracy.
ROCKSOIL ENGINEERING
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  A New Visco-elasto-plastic Rheological Model of Rock

  JIANG Hai-fei, HU Bin, LIU Qiang, WANG Xin-gang

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 44-48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.008

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  According to the rheological mechanical properties of rock, a visco-plastic model which depicts the creep acceleration stage of rock is proposed. This model is connected with five-component visco-elastic shear rheological model in series, thus establishing a new visco-elasto-plastic rheological model of rock. The shear rheological curves of granite is used to identify the visco-elasto-plastic rheological model, and the rheological parameters of the model are obtained. Comparison between the model fitted result and the shear rheology test result shows that the accelerating rheological properties of rock can be described effectively by this visco-elasto-plastic rheological model.
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  Optimization Back Analysis and Application of Slope Rock Macro-mechanical Parameters of Ma’erdang Hydropower Station

  ZHOU Shi, HUANG Yi-sheng, HU Yao-pu, LIU Ling,ZUO Ya

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 49-52,59. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.009

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  The deformation and strength characters are the most concerned indicators in the field of geotechnical engineering and engineering mechanics. On the basis of laboratory test and in consideration of geostress, size, direction and connectivity of structural plane, the macro-mechanics parameters of rock slope are obtained by optimization back analysis using dividing and grading method. The results are applied to three-dimensional finite element calculations. Calculation result suggests that the macro-mechanics parameters objectively and reasonably reflect the safety and stability of the slope. This research provides a reference for the back analysis and slope stability research.
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  Estimation of Mechanical Parameters of Surrounding Rocks Based on Numerical Simulation by Analytical Decomposition Model

  SHEN Yan-jun

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 53-59. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.010

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  The surrounding rock quality of underground cavern is reduced because of structural planes. Due to this, the mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks of different classifications are difficult to be decided accurately by in-door tests. A novel method of estimating mechanical parameters by analytical decomposition model is proposed. The model is established by constructing 3-D structural plane network models for different rocks using FracSim 3D program based on the results of surrounding rock classification. The anisotropy of rockmass characteristics is reflected by intercepting the 2-D structural plane network in X, Y, Z coordinates. In subsequence, the mechanical parameters of intact blocks and related structural planes are obtained as the basic input parameters of the model. Finally, Phase 2D program is adopted to establish the numerical model of rockmass structure, and the numerical simulation of uniaxial compression and triaxial compression tests by effective control of boundary conditions is carried out to predict the rock strength and deformation characteristics in macro-equivalent model, hence obtaining the mechanical parameters of surrounding rock.
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  Numerical Analysis on Vibration Effect of Surrounding Rock Induced by TBM Excavation in Subway Tunnel

  YANG Long, DU Shou-ji

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 60-64,69. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.011

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  In order to analyze the vibration effect induced by subway tunnel construction by tunnel boring machine (short for TBM), the peak vibration velocity and the dominating vibration frequency of ground surface and surrounding rock were obtained by means of numerical simulation and spectrum analysis. The vibration effect under different TBM advance rates was analyzed, and an evaluation of the vibration influence range was given based on the Safety Specifications of Blasting Operation. It is concluded that the vibration effect is obvious within 6D(D is the tunnel diameter) away from the tunnel axis, and the vibration attenuates beyond the 6D range; as the TBM advance rate decreases, the peak vibration velocity also gradually reduces, however the peak vibration velocity is not simply in a linear relationship with the TBM advance rate; the dominating vibration frequency on the ground surface is generally between 10Hz to 25Hz, and it is unobviously affected by TBM advance rate.
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  Application of Fractal Theory to Analysis of Rock Mass Stability

  YAN Jing

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 65-69. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.012

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  To further informatize geotechnical engineering, fractal theory is adopted to analyze the stability of rock mass based on displacement monitoring data of slope engineering, excavation engineering and tunnel engineering. The results show that with the development of deformation in geotechnical materials, the fractal dimension of displacement time-series is increasing, and scale-free zone will become increasingly obvious. This phenomenon can be used for the evaluation of rock mass safety and offers references for construction, feedback design and operation of actual engineering.
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL
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  Experimental Research of Cement-chemical Compound Grouting under High Water Head at Danjiangkou Hydro-junction

  MIN Zheng-hui, SHI Hua-tang

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 70-73. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.013

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  The strengthening grouting of Danjiangkou dam heightening project requires great effort because it is carried out in conditions of reservoir high water head, developed micro-fissures and multiple groutings. In order to explore an economic and effective grouting method, current methods of curtain grouting in the presence of high water head are analyzed. On this basis, a detailed introduction of compound grouting test design, key construction technologies and inspection after grouting is given. The test results are analyzed in terms of pressurized water data, acoustic wave test, and fatigue pressurized water. Results reveal that cement-chemical compound grouting is effective, saves investment and shortens construction period. It is a good example for other engineering design and construction for curtain grouting under high head.
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  Static and Seismic Failure Modes and Structural Safety of Oyuk Dam Considering Material Heterogeneity

  XIONG Kun,HUA Jun-jie,LI Rui

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 74-80,90. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.014

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  Oyuk dam is one of the only two hardfill dams with the height of more than 100m in the world. The obvious heterogeneity of hardfill material on microscopic level had been taken into consideration based on the macro-homogeneity assumption. The working behaviors of Oyuk dam under normal operation condition and earthquake condition were analyzed by using damage FEM. The failure modes and structural safety of dam under static and seismic conditions were explored in the presnce of water overload and seismic over load, and the results were compared with that obtained from elastic-plastic constitutive model. The results show that the whole profile of dam body is almost compressed under the conditions of normal operation and operation basis earthquake (OBE). The dam owns high strength and anti-sliding safety factors and is basically in an elastic working state. The failure mode of Oyuk dam is mostly integral sliding in static condition, but the dam is proved to possess high overload safety for waterload and strong earthquake-resistance. The dam’s failure process and failure modes analyzed by the damage constitutive model in consideration of material heterogeneity is more in conformity with the actual situation than that analyzed by elastic-plastic constitutive model.
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  Finite Element Analysis on Deformation Mechanism of Sheet-pile Quay Wall with Barrier Piles

  ZHANG Hao, GAO Yu-feng, TAN Hui-ming, LIU Fu-jiang, LIU Chen

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.015

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  Barrier pile is a new supporting structure for sheet pile quay wall. It causes deformation of the quay wall and the deformation mechanism cannot be entirely revealed by existing theories or calculation methods. We carried out 2-D and 3-D numerical computation on some engineering practices by using ABAQUS and found that: (1) the simulated structural deformation is consistent with that from prototype observation. The variation of horizontal deformation of the front wall is parabolic along depth, whereas the horizontal deformations of the barrier pile and the anchor wall are linear. Simulated vertical settlement is similar with prototype observation. (2) By comparing the horizontal deformation of middle pile and side-pile section in the 3-D model with that in the prototype observation, we found that the front wall was affected by barrier piles, showing obvious covered effect.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
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  Method and Application of Tide Level Digitizing By MATLAB Image Processing

  GUO Lei, HUANG Feng-hua, QIU Jing

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 86-90. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.016

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  MATLAB image processing together with professional photo software is employed to extract tidal level data by analyzing tidal level images. Firstly, tide level image was pre-processed by PHOTOSHOP such as image rotation, pixel increment, levels operation, key-point plotting and bitmapping. Then the image was read by MATLAB and the location of key-points could be obtained by program. The tide level data number was obtained by the relative location of tide level key-points and horizontal and vertical coordinates key-points. In addition, different approaches were specified for point-curve image and continue curve image. This method was applied to the acquirement of tidal level data at a tide-gauge station. Application results indicate that the digitized value was very close to the measured value and the mean error was less than 1.0%。This method could be extended to image data acquirement in similar fields.
  
  
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  Early Warning Expert Decision System of Water Resources Management Based on Cloud Computing Architecture

  ZHAO Zhi-yu, ZHANG Juan

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 91-95. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.017

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  In order to solve the problems caused by warning not in time in present water resources management systems, we presented an early warning expert decision system of cloud computing architecture based on current information technologies. In this system, the command center and the mobile terminal work synchronously in real-time. Real-time data are acquired through the network interface layer of IOT (internet of things), geographic information are displayed through Web GIS, and the response speed is accelerated by using Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript+XML) asynchronous interactive processing.
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  Collaborative Technology of Data Transmission for Grouting Monitoring in ZigBee Wireless Network and Public Network

  YAO Zhen-he, XU Biao, GUO Liang

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 96-98. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.018

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  In the data transmission of ZigBee wireless network and public network, the data transmission can be in disorder because the data uploaded by the ZigBee wireless network is subcontracted by public network during the implementation of TCP/IP protocol. In view of this, several solutions are proposed and tested. Test results show that the problem in the collaboration between ZigBee wireless network and public network can be well solved by setting up a number of buffers corresponding to dynamic IP by using softwares during data receiving. This technique has been applied to the grouting monitoringIOT (Internet of Things) of several grouting projects.
INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING TECHNIQUES
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  Design and Application of Online Vibration Monitoring System for the Thrust Bearing of Hydrogenerator

  JIANG Xue-wen

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 99-102,108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.019

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  Conventional monitoring on the operation parameters of thrust bearing is limited to oil temperature, pad temperature, oil film pressure and film thickness. The important parameters including thrust runner undulation, degree and position of thrust pad non-levelness, degree and position of non-perpendicularity between thrust runner and main shaft cannot be obtained. In view of this, a novel online vibration monitoring system for thrust bearing is proposed. The system is expounded in details, the key technologies of data processing are given, and the quantitative descriptions of thrust bearing’s status are obtained. The system has application and popularization value with strong versatility and high precision.
CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER CONSERVANCY PROJECTS
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  Methods and Practices of Safety Supervision for Engineering Construction

  LAI Yue-qiang, YANG Juan, XU Lei

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.020

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  The situation of project’s safe construction is still severe, and the safety supervision is affected by non-standard construction environment. In view of this, we insist that safety supervision should be carried out scientifically in strict procedures and standards with concentrated attention, and in the meantime, the awareness on safety control should be strengthened, the comprehensive and technical qualification of supervisors should be improved. We then give several practice examples of selecting measures and methods of supervision by establishing safety management system and conducting risk analysis. On the basis of improving supervision methods, the essence of safety supervision is to strengthen the education on safety construction, to polish on every detail and correct every deficiency in time. Methods introduced in the examples could be taken as reference for the safety supervision of other projects.
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  Quality Control for Cement Mixing Pile Construction by Cement Dosage Detection

  WANG Bao-tian,SONG Wei-guang,ZHAO Chen-yang,DU Yan-ping

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 109-113. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.021

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  Conventional methods of detecting the quality of cement mixing piles are time-consuming, high-costing and complicated; while EDTA titration has been widely used in the cement content detection for road engineering with its rapid detection and low cost. We have successfully applied EDTA titration to the cement content detection for mixing piles by analyzing the effect of age and curing condition on the detection result and by developing a new sampling device for pile core. Its application to Yanglin shiplock project showed that cement dosage and mixing uniformity in depth of the mixing pile can be detected effectively with this method. Mixing uniformity as an assessment index of pile quality could reflect the construction quality of piles directly and timely.
READERS·AUTHORS·EDITORS
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  Brief Analysis on Problems and Causes of Abstract in Chinese Scientific Journals

  HUANG Ling,JIANG Xiao-lan

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 114-118. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.022

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  Problems in the content and structure of abstract in Chinese Scientific Journals are analyzed through typical examples, and the advices corresponding to these problems are proposed. Furthermore, the causes of these problems are also analyzed from the perspectives of authors, editors, and abstract’s length requirement. The study indicates that authors must pay more attention to standard of abstract writing and improve their writing skills. In order to be in line with international high-quality scientific journals, requirements on the length of abstract must be made on the premise of content integrity so that the abstract can be terse and concise.
MONOGRAPH ON SAFETY MONITORING AND EARLYWARNING
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  Advances in Theory: Monitoring Seepage of Embankment Dam by Measuring Temperature

  GAN Xiao-qing, XIAO Qing, NING Jing

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 119-124. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.023

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  Researches in the theory of monitoring seepage by measuring temperature are reviewed. Forward analysis on temperature distribution in consideration of seepage field’s effect in quantitative research stage are highlighted. Furthermore, the basic principles, objects of simulations, mechanism of coupling and calculation method of different mathematical models of seepage field and temperature field coupling are elaborated. A summary is also given on the trends and deficiencies of coupled modeling between seepage field and temperature field. The research status and development priorities of seepage calculation and temperature calculation are introduced. Moreover, the necessity of researching seepage-temperature field coupling on the basis of unsaturated seepage is presented, and the theory involved in the modeling is expounded. Some suggestions for future study are put forward: temperature variation of parameters should be taken into consideration to improve the accuracy of model simulation; coupled modeling based on unsaturated seepage could be researched to enrich this theory under complex conditions; and inverse analysis of seepage field with the assistance of temperature field could be strengthened.
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  A Wireless Strain Collection Terminal Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network

  ZHAO Jun-hua, HAN Xian-quan, XIONG Kai, CAO Hao

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 125-127,134. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.024

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  Fixed wire connection in the automatic monitoring system of water project is featured with complex wire routing, inadequate reliability and has difficulty in thunder protection. In view of this, a volume-compact, easily-connected wireless strain collector is proposed in this paper. The collector modulates the differential strain signal by half-bridge and precise instrumentation amplifier, and employs an up-to-date RF (radio frequency) system (CC2530) on chip to realize digitalization for analog voltage signal and wireless transmission. The wireless sensor nodes based on TI’s Z-stack protocol possess high performances of network self-organization and network self-healing, and support low power consumption in wireless transmission by sleep mode.
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  Application of GB-SAR to Dam Monitoring

  XING Cheng, HAN Xian-quan, ZHOU Xiao, WANG Peng

  Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(7): 128-134. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.07.025

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  GB-SAR (Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar) system could perform all-day, all-weather, non-contact and highly accurate deformation monitoring. In the present research, we employed GB-SAR to monitor the deformation at Geheyan Dam, and analyzed the impact of environmental factors on the monitoring result. Moreover, methods of environment correction were compared. By analyzing the correction results. we selected corresponding correction methods. Results show that the deformation information of the entire dam surface can be reflected accurately with the monitoring data corrected by the environmental correction methods, and these corrected data can be used for analyzing the stability of the dam.