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01 August 2017, Volume 34 Issue 8
    

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    RIVER-LAKE SEDIMENTATION AND REGULATION
  • WANG Shi-ru, LEI Wei-li
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160865
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    In the aim of investigating the sediment characteristics and topography evolution in Xinghua Bay, the distribution characteristics of sediment and the effects of suspended sediment transport on topography evolution were analyzed based on measured data of hydrology and sediment in Xinghua bay in July, 2013 and measured data of deep channels of Xinghua bay in the past years. Results show that sediment concentration is small in the study area,with the average sediment concentration only 0.062 kg/m3, and the average sediment concentration of spring tide is larger than that of neap tide. Moreover, sediment concentration changes obviously with tide fluctuation, and maximum concentration most appears when the velocity of rising tide reaches the maximum, while minimum concentration most appears when the velocity of falling tide reaches the maximum, indicating that sediment in the sea area is slightly disturbed. In addition, sediment discharge rates of rising tide are bigger than those of falling tide, but the absolute values of sediment discharge rate of two tides are very small. Finally, sediment in the area flows in and out with the tides, mainly transporting from the southeast to the northwest, which is the flow direction of rising tide. It accords with the phenomenon that width gradually expands in both sides of the deep channels near Bitou area and water depth is stable and increases a little, mainly in equilibrium with a bit more scouring.
  • WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
  • LIU Jia-xu, LI Jiu-yi, LI Li-juan, WANG Zhi-yong, CHEN Su-jing
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 6-10. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160518
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    Water resources shortage is one of the core problems affecting the rapid growth and stability of economy in Kunming city. According to statistical data from Kunming Water Resource Bulletins from 2001 to 2012, the variation trend, temporal-spatial distributions, matching conditions and patterns of shortage of water resources in Kunming were analyzed by calculating the Gini coefficient, per capita water resources amount, utilization ratio, and load index of water resources. Results revealed that 1) the amount of per capita water resources in Kunming was less than the average values in Yunnan or in China with obvious uneven spatial distribution in the city: the average annual per capita water resources in four main urban areas reached the minimum 299 m3 per capita, while the extremes ratio was up to 10.78; 2)water resources matched well with cultivated land rather than GDP and population;3) water resources were rich in northern counties but poor in southern counties of Kunming city,and in addition, the number of regions in water shortage increased, with the shortage level deteriorating gradually;4) rainwater utilization, water conservation measures, interregional water transfer and industrial restructuring are effective countermeasures of water shortage in Kunming city.
  • WANG Si-ying, YANG Wen-jun, HUANG Ming-hai, WANG Zhi-juan
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 11-17. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160371
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    As China is now in the peak of hydropower development and construction,ecological environment protection has received great attentions. The exploitation and utilization of river resources have obstructed the migration passages of fishes, greatly affecting the environment in which fishes live. It is urgent to develop migration passages and habitat restoration techniques. This paper presents the significance of fish migration passages and habitat restoration, outlines the research status and development process of the techniques, and points out the main problems and challenges of technology development for fish passages in China. By summarizing relevant projects and research results supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China since the 21st Century (especially in the recent 5 years), we present the main research directions of migration passages and habitat restoration techniques in China: 1) living habits and swimming ability of typical fishes; 2) influence of fish population distribution and habitat factors; 3) influence of hydropower development on habitat factors; 4) measures of fish passage and living habitat restoration and the verification of their effects.
  • CONG Hui, ZHOU Wei-bo, SONG Yang, LAI Guang-dong, BAI Jie-fang
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 18-23. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160730
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    The spatial distribution of precipitation is uneven in Big Xi'an region. According to the monthly precipitation data from 14 meteorological stations in Big Xi'an during 1970-2013, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of precipitation in five areas of Big Xi'an region by using moving average method, Mann-Kendall test method, wavelet analysis method and the Kriging interpolation method. Results show that the average annual precipitation in Big Xi'an region was 576.65 mm, decreasing overall with a rate of -10.04 mm/10 a. Decreases in precipitation in the east and north of Xi'an were more obvious than those in the west and south. Moreover, the distribution of precipitation in a year was uneven, mainly from July to September, accounting for 50.84% of the total annual precipitation. In addition, precipitations in spring and autumn presented a downward trend, but precipitation in summer was in an upward trend. The first main period of annual precipitation change in the study area was 28 years. Precipitation in multiple years in the area experienced a fluctuation in “less-more-less-more” trend, with abrupt changes in 1980 and 1991; but interdecadal precipitation in the study area showed a trend from increase to decline and then to increase. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual precipitation is uneven, gradually decreasing from the southeast to the northwest. The research results could offer reference to the rational utilization of precipitation resources in Big Xi'an region.
  • WANG Xiao-qin, MIN Zhi-hua, LI Ao
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 24-29. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160463
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    Zhuashan Bay watershed is a typical plain river network area to the northwest of the Taihu Lake. In this article, a 1-D hydrodynamic-water quality network model based on MIKE model was established to assess the benefits of water environment treatment projects built in 2012 in the Zhushan Bay watershed. The pollutant reduction effects of the projects were summarized through analyzing the design documents and field investigating the operation techniques and results. Furthermore, indexes of total pollutant amount in the watershed as well as the variations of pollutants into the Taihu Lake before and after the treatment projects were built were calculated. Results revealed that under the constraint of pollutant capacity target, the amount of pollutants to be eliminated reduced from 2011 to 2012, and meanwhile, the amount of pollutants into the Lake also fell down, indicating that the treatment projects had played a positive role in improving regional water environment.
  • FLOOD PREVENTION AND DISASTER REDUCTION
  • TAO Gui-lan, TAN Bin-zheng, SHU Liang
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 30-35. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160500
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    According to the features of typical dual soil structure in the Jingjiang River, the calculation formula of transverse erosion was employed to study the influences of flow velocity and sediment concentration on transverse erosion rate of bank slope, as well as the variation law of morphologic changes of bank slope under fluctuation of water level.On the basis of saturated-unsaturated seepage theory, a two-dimensional unsteady seepage model was established by using SEEP/w program and the change process of seepage field of bank slope was simulated. Furthermore, on the basis of calculation of pore-water pressure field, the change law of slope stability in consideration of bank erosion or not was analyzed by using Morgenstern's method.Results show that when bank erosion is not considered, slope stability increases with the raise of water level and declines with the drawdown of water level; but when bank erosion is considered,slope stability decreases both with the raise and the drawdown of water level, and the falling rate of safety factors is obviously larger than that without considering bank erosion. In conclusion, the flood period and the final stage of water level falling are two dangerous periods of slope stability, which should be monitored specially.
  • ENGINEERING SAFETY AND DISASTER PREVENTION
  • YUE Quan-gui, ZHANG Yang, XIAO Guo-qiang, ZHOU Li-ming
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 36-40. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20170022
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    In order to apply ground penetrating radar(GPR) to accurate advanced geological prediction in tunnel engineering, we discussed the causes of common interferences and their influences on data interpretation, and determined the reflected interference information in profile of GPR image. Then, we gave examples of the antenna coupling and metal interferences and put forward precautions to avoid interference in the process of collecting GPR data. On the basis of three examples, we introduced the prediction of bad geological bodies such as karst cave, fault fissure water, and weak interlayer. Through analyzing typical characteristics of waveform, frequency and amplitude of the profile, we predicted the type of bad geological body as well as the spatial distribution characteristics like location and structure strike ahead of the working face of the tunnel. The prediction results are basically consistent with the distribution of bad geological bodies revealed by excavation, which proves that GPR is feasible and effective in the prediction of common bad geological bodies. By summarizing and analyzing the common radar interference images and the profiles of GPR images of typical geological bodies, we can provide references of interpreting complex geological bodies more precisely for geophysical workers and ensure the safety of tunnel construction.
  • WANG Wei, XU Kai, FANG Xu-shun, ZHONG Qi-ming
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 41-46. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160419
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    The weights of all factors in weighted statistical model of dam monitoring were determined with engineering experience, which could result in the lack of the information of some factors. According to monitoring data, the regression coefficients and weights of weighted statistical model can be objectively determined by Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm, but for high dimension optimization, the algorithm has some deficiencies such as slow convergence and local minimums. In view of this, an improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm in consideration of the information of average location in particles is proposed. The learning factors are determined based on the information of average location in single particle and particle groups. The analysis results of earth-rock dam example show that the improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm enhances the ability of jumping out of the local minimum. The factors of weighted statistical model of safety monitoring for earth-rock dam are consistent in actual situation with this improved algorithm. Especially in the early stages of operation with few monitoring data, dam monitoring model based on improved Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm has better precision. The improved algorithm could be a new method of data analysis in dam monitoring field.
  • ZHOU Yong-sheng
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 47-51. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160449
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    The aim of this research is to improve the precision of pit deformation prediction and enhance the stability of prediction results. Support vector machine, BP neural network and GM (1,1) are used as the basis of prediction model, and the corresponding first-order prediction models with parameters optimized are established. On this basis, the second-order combinatorial forecasting model of multiple fixed weight and non-fixed weight is established. In subsequence, on the basis of the Markov chain theory, the error correction model of three steps is established, and the progressive prediction of foundation pit deformation is realized. Results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy and stability are greatly improved by the progressive prediction of multiple stages, which verifies the validity and feasibility of the proposed method in this paper. The result is expected to provide a new idea for the prediction of foundation pit deformation.
  • HYDRAULICS
  • LIAO Bin, CHEN Shan-qun, REN Chao-yang
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 52-58. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160393
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    In this study, a computational model is established for solving wave propagation over a submerged dike based on RANS equations combined with Level-Set method. The fifth-order finite difference WENO scheme is used for spatial discretization, and a TVD third-order Runge-Kutta explicit time scheme is employed for time discretization in the model. The Level-Set method is used for tracking the free interface between the air and water phases, and a relaxation method is employed for wave generation and absorption. In order to validate the accuracy and applicability of the model, numerical investigation of the wave propagation over a submerged dike is conducted. The numerical results show a good agreement with experimental data. Further studies are carried out to investigate the influence of physical parameters, such as wave height, submerged depth, seaward and leeward slope gradients, on the process of wave propagation over a submerged dike. Results reveal that when the wave height is higher, submerged depth smaller, and seaward slope flatter, the effect of shoaling is more obvious; when leeward slope is flatter, the effect of shoaling on wave is slightly larger, but not obvious.
  • DU Lan, LU Jin-long, LI Li, XU Xue-wen
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 59-63. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160455
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    The atomization rainfall induced by flood discharge of large hydraulic projects, especially those with ski-jump energy dissipater, is far more intense than natural rainfall, harmful for the project's normal operation, traffic safety, and surrounding environment. In this article, prototype observation is carried out to research the atomization influence scope, rainfall intensity distribution, and meteorological characteristics during the deep-hole discharge of Xiluodu hydraulic project in the downstream of Jinsha River. Results suggest that distributing in some local positions, the atomization rainfall intensity at Xiluodu hydropower project decreases rapidly along longitudinal and bank slope directions. In observation condition, the maximum intensity reaches 4 704 mm/h; when natural wind speed is smaller than 3.5 m/s, the maximum wind speed in flood discharge area is up to 16.3 m/s; and when natural air pressure and humidity are 0 kPa and 85% respectively, the maximum air pressure and humidity in flood discharge area reaches 96 kPa and 100%,respectively. The observation results could be used to verify the design of bank slope protection for Xiluodu hydropower project, and also provides rich and detailed data for other research approaches.
  • HE An-xia, ZHOU Jue-xi, ZHANG Jing, LIU Lei
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 64-67. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160476
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    The flow velocity of river is easily affected by deposit. In this research, the 3-D flow velocity in the vicinity of deposit was observed by ADV through flume experiment, and the cross-sectional 3-D velocity distribution in the upstream channel nearby the deposit was researched by controlling the flow rate. Results suggest that under the same flow rate, velocity is affected by the shape of deposit. As the distance to the riverbed reduces, the curve of velocity distribution in u direction (the direction of flow) becomes steeper, and the peak of velocity in v direction (pointing to the side of the right bank) and w direction (vertical to riverbed) is closer to the projection line of the deposit in cross-section.The curve of velocity in v direction is a straight line approaching zero value in natural conditions; while in the presence of deposit, the straight line transformed into a parabola that reflects the increase of peak velocity and the decrease of velocity in two sides as the distance to riverbed gets smaller. The curve of velocity in w direction in the vicinity of riverbed displays a “spoon” shape; while as the distance to riverbed increases, the “spoon” shape disappears. Moreover, as flow rate increases, the velocity in u direction increases at the same height, and the transverse velocity distribution gets more uneven and the curve becomes steeper. The angle θ between the velocity in u direction and the velocity in v direction reaches the minimum when the distance to the left bank (with deposit) is about half of the deposit radius. As the distance to the left bank grows, the value of θ increases, and then returns to the natural value 90° until the distance to left bank reaches 45 cm.The research results provide technical support for river protection and treatment.
  • WU Hao, LIU Han-sheng, JIN Shuo
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 68-71. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160471
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    The shape of transition section has great influence on the flow pattern in open channel. The aim of this research is to address the problem of flow diffusion and the coherence between transition section and downstream flow, and to eliminate the impact of diamond-shaped shock wave in the downstream of open channel. According to the characteristics of shock wave and the basic relationship between shock wave and radical flow, we calculated the shape of the transition section with curved side-wall in open channel by adopting the simplified integral equation of shock wave following Liu Hansheng's formula of slit-bucket with curved side-wall. The flow coherence between the transition section and the downstream was also considered. This method can calculate the water surface curve in the transition section. Test results show that the flow in the transition section of open channel is smooth and stable, and water surface rises gradually. After the transition section, the water flow is normal, which is uniform flow, with no impact of diamond-shaped shock wave, demonstrating that this method could solve the problem of flow diffusion and coherence, hence can be applied to the design of transition section with curved side-wall.
  • ROCK-SOIL ENGINEERING
  • MA Shao-kun, TONG Wei-feng, FENG Ye, LIU Ying, JIANG Jie
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 72-78. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160447
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    The temperature field and moisture field of typical siltstone and mudstone interbedded slope in Nanning under extreme climates are analyzed by means of numerical simulation based on soil moisture-heat coupling theory. The moisture-heat coupling behavior, the temperature-moisture filed variations and the impact on slope stability under different combinations of extreme climates are obtained. Results show that dramatic climate change in short time has large impact on the temperature and moisture fields of surface soil; while long-term climate such as arid has great effect on the temperature and moisture fields of deep soil. Rainfall has small influence on temperature field; and during the evaporation after rainfall, the moisture content at a certain depth in the lower part of middle slope increases to some extent, which would disappear in long-term drought. Moreover, the slope's factor of safety increases apparently under the action of evaporation. In particular, in short-term evaporation with high temperature, interbedded slope is more stable than homogeneous slope; while in long term evaporation, homogeneous slope is more stable.
  • ZHOU Ying-bo, ZHANG Jun, REN Wei-zhong
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 79-83. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160442
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    The high and steep slope of Rucheng-Chenzhou expressway is located between segment K65+410 and K65+680. Since March 2011, deep displacement had occurred in the slope in need of treatment measures. In this article, a slope model with multiple potential slip surfaces is built on the thorough understanding of the site's geological conditions and the deformation mechanisms. The slope stability under different conditions is calculated with the limit equilibrium method. On this basis, treatment measures are put forward, including cutting slope, surcharge reaction and anchor bolts. The results offer basis for the design of high-steep slope treatment.Within 4 years after the treatment, no large-scale deformation occurred, which indicates that the high-steep slope treatment is successful.
  • ZHANG Yu-ting, HUANG Bin, LÜ Bu, FU Xu-dong
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 84-89. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20170573
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    Dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio are two of the most important parameters in soil dynamic analysis. In this paper, we studied the methods of multi-stage test on remolded clay with varying confining pressure and consolidation ratio by using dynamic triaxial instrument. In consideration of pre-consolidation pressure, we put forward two test methods and obtained the dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio and then compared them with those from conventional method. We found that the dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio obtained by method 1 differed slightly from those by conventional method, while the dynamic elastic modulus by method 2 was larger than that by conventional method. Therefore method 1 could effectively save the number of samples compared with conventional method. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of vibration frequency on the dynamic elastic modulus based on the theory of viscous element, and obtained the effect of frequency on the dynamic characteristics of clay through the tests. Finally, we studied a multi-stage frequency test method on one single sample and propose that the dynamic load test with large frequency has little effect on the subsequent test with small frequency; but the dynamic load test with small frequency would have impact on the following test with large frequency, resulting in attenuation of dynamic elastic modulus and decrease in maximum damping ratio. The results of multi-stage frequency test following the sequence of large frequency and then small frequency are consistent with those of conventional test. The research results are helpful to improving the soil dynamic test technology and have positive effect on dynamic characteristics research.
  • FENG Qing-peng, BU Fan-bo, PENG Yi, PENG Jie
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 90-95. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160469
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    The changes of electricity current, water discharge, interfacial resistance and final shear strength after CaCl2 solution was added to electrodes during the electro-osmosis of kaolin clay were studied through laboratory test. Results show that adding CaCl2 solution to the electrodes could effectively control the decrease of current in soil, and the current strength is not only related to the amount of added CaCl2 solution, but probably also to the proportion of CaCl2 solution added to the anode, or the time when the CaCl2 solution is added. Displacement becomes larger, improving by 10.9% under the condition of the present experiment. The decrease of interfacial resistance of anode is obvious. The total resistivity of the kaolin soil declines obviously with the resistivity decline of the soil near cathode making the main contribution. Moreover, the average shear strength near anode and in the middle of the soil increases obviously, especially the average shear strength near anode of the soil increases by 16.4 kPa; whereas the average shear strength of the soil near the cathode does not increase. Therefore, reversing the electrodes could be an approach of electro-osmosis test on kaolin soil near the cathode.
  • WANG Sen, XU Qiang, LUO Bo-yu, WANG Yi-chao, LIU Wen-de
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 96-100. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160431
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    Through field investigation and statistics of more than 100 landslides in Nanjiang county, the Erhuang ping landslide was selected as a case study to reveal the formation mechanism of and rainfall infiltration in soil landslide. Through analyzing multiple factors including precipitation, accumulative displacement of GPS, pore-water pressure and moisture content of soil, the process of rainfall infiltration of Erhuangping landslide was simulated by finite element analysis. Results showed that the variations of pore-water pressure and soil moisture of shallow soil in the landslide lagged obviously in the initial stage of rainfall precipitation. The main infiltration direction was perpendicular to the surface of slope, and then changed to be along the slope direction. As a water-storing boundary was formed by the cohesive accumulation body, steep side cliff and bedrock surface, pore water pressure in the front edge of slope was more sensitive to rainfall than that in the rear edge does. Due to the anisotropy of slip mass, local pore water pressure and seepage force rises sharply during rainfall, and the soft clay softened, finally resulting in the global instability of slope.
  • YAN Guan-chen, ZHANG Ga
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 101-105. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160470
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    Stability analysis and failure mechanism of earth dam are of important engineering significance. By using centrifugal force to simulate gravity, centrifuge model test has effectively solved the problem of stress equality in model test. As a result, centrifuge model test has been an important means to investigate the deformation and failure process of earth dam. This article focuses on the deformation and failure behavior of earth dams under piping condition. Centrifuge model tests on failure of earth dam with weak layer were conducted based on improving the previous equipment. Test results show that the process of the failure of earth dam with weak layer is as follows: a piping channel forms gradually at first, and in subsequence, the lower dam is washed away gradually, and upper dam collapses in the meantime, and the whole dam breaks in the end. The breakthrough of the piping channel is an important influential factor, and even could be the prerequisite of dam failure.
  • LI Zheng-hui, WANG Shi-mei, GUO Zhen, LU Peng, JIN Lai-fu
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 106-110. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160479
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    The expression of k-n is crucial in the analysis and calculation of fluid-solid coupling problems in geotechnical engineering. The relationship of k-n obtained from conventional laboratory seepage test deviates from reality as the fluid-solid coupling effect is not considered. To get a more accurate relationship between porosity and permeability coefficient, triaxial fluid-solid coupling test under varying consolidation pressure was conducted on a self-developed SRS-1 seepage and creep coupling test apparatus. The variation of porosity against time was obtained, and the fitted expressions of k-n with and without fluid-solid coupling effect are acquired. The expressions together with Kozeny-Caman's empirical formula were analyzed and then were used in the numerical simulation of one-dimensional saturated foundation consolidation in consideration of fluid-solid coupling. Then the calculation results were compared with the result of classical seepage mechanics method. Results show that 1) fluid-solid coupling effect should be taken into consideration as porosity changes dynamically in the process of seepage; 2) fluid-solid coupling problem should not be solved with classical seepage mechanics method, otherwise the error is too big; 3) since Kozeny-Caman's empirical formula, which is widely used in numerical simulation of fluid-solid coupling problem, could not accurately reflect the relationship between permeability coefficient and porosity of clay, we do not recommend it for numerical modeling; 4) the expression of k-n in consideration of fluid-solid coupling effect is recommended to improve the accuracy of numerical simulation results.
  • LU Wen-bo, YAN E-chuan, ZOU Hao, ZHANG Shi-shu
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 111-119. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160484
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    Researches on the development rule of toppling deformation slopes is of great significance in prevention planning for toppling deformation and site selection for hydropower projects. And statistical research is conducive to the analysis of toppling deformation slopes in China. In this article, the west region of China is determined as the study area in view of the distribution of toppling deformation slopes. Four influencing factors are selected for geographical susceptibility zoning evaluation, namely landform, stratigraphic age, seismic intensity and tectonic stress distribution. Toppling deformation slopes of 11 rivers in west China are taken as examples for the evaluation of geographical position susceptibility. The relations between distribution features and development factors (lithology, slope height, slope angle, elevation, horizontal depth and vertical depth) are revealed according to the zoning results. Results show that 1) toppling deformation slopes mainly exist in Sichuan, Qinghai and Yunnan provinces; 2) Hengduan Mountains with extremely large and large heaves belong to the zone of extremely high susceptibility; 3) areas of high susceptibility are located in the middle reach of Yalong River, the middle and upper reaches of Lancang River, the upstream of Yellow River, Dadu River and Minjiang River. The research results offer reference for prevention planning of toppling deformation and site selection for hydropower projects in southwest China.
  • WANG Lang, DENG Hui, DENG Tong-hai, ZHU Jun-jie
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 120-124. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160498
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    Disintegration of mudstone is important in geotechnical engineering of southwest China. By indoor disintegration resistance test, disintegration features of mudstone are described in detail from three aspects, including morphological changes of disintegration products, disintegration resistance index and particle size analysis. On the basis of disintegration resistance index, disintegration intensity is divided into three levels: strong disintegration, middle disintegration and weak disintegration, and the disintegration mechanism is also classified into three types: swell disintegration after absorbing water, disintegration under wedging pressure and disintegration under mixed factors. Results show that as standard cycle times of disintegration increase, disintegration resistance index of mudstone decreases in negative exponential distribution. Furthermore, strong disintegration mudstone belongs to the mechanism of swell disintegration after absorbing water, weak disintegration mudstone and middle disintegration mudstone belong to that of disintegration under wedging pressure and disintegration under mixed factors, respectively. Finally, disintegration intensity is obviously relevant to the particle size and disintegration mechanism of disintegration product. Particle size of strong or weak disintegration product has a polarization trend, yet that of middle disintegration product is mainly middle-size.
  • KONG Qing-mei, WEN Sen, ZHAO Li-min
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 125-129. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160783
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    Shield lifting is an important procedure in tunnel construction by shield method. Due to the large size of shield, heavy load and short lifting time, lifting process becomes a big risk in shield tunnel construction. During the lifting process, the displacement of continuous wall, the axial forces and deformation of supports were monitored in real time. Finite element method(FEM) was applied because the lifting process is very short and some monitoring programs are difficult to be conducted. Results showed that the data from FEM proved to be effective in comparison with measured data and the excavation is safe during the shield uplifting. The research results provide references for similar projects.
  • WU Jun, WANG Hong-xing, TAN Yun-zhi, HUANG Long-bo, HU Mo-zhen
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 130-134. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160501
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    Studies on the effect of humic acid on the long-term strength of solidified sludge soil, are of great importance. In this research, sludge with low organic matter content was solidified by mixtures of cement, metakaolin,and lime, etc. On this basis, humic acid in proportion of 0.5%, 1.5%, 3% and 4.5%, 6%, respectively, was added into the sludge. The development laws of bending strength, stress-strain relationship and failure strain of solidified sludge soil under standard curing condition for 240 days were obtained.Results revealed that 1) under the joint actions of humic acid and inherent humic acid slowly released from organic matters of the sludge, the initial bending strength of solidified soil increased rapidly and then decreased to different extents; 2) when humic acid content increased from 0.5% to 6%, the bending strength of solidified soil at different ages almost degraded to a certain degree, and the balance between solidification and humic acid erosion occurred in advance, from the 180th day to the 60th day; 3) the failure mode of solidified soil with high content of humic acid experienced the tendency from plastic failure to brittle failure, and then to partial plastic failure, and the bigger content of humic acid is, the more obvious the action of plastic failure is.
  • XIAO Wei-jing, WANG Xiao-jun, CHEN Chen, ZHUO Yu-long, LI Yong-xin
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 135-138. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160767
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    In the aim of exploring the creep characteristics of deep limestone, uniaxial creep tests were conducted with GDS-VIS triaxial rheometer by step loading on specimens from different depths. According to the test results, the mean value (0.758) of the ratio of long-term strength to instantaneous strength decreases as depth increases. Furthermore, the variation law of axial creep strain increment of limestone in different depths under different stress levels was investigated, and then axial creep strains were obtained by accumulating creep strain increment. Results revealed that creep strain increment decreased first and then increased dramatically with the increasing of stress level. As depth increased, the percentage of stress corresponding to the minimum creep strain increment obviously increased. Moreover, with the increase of loading level, the axial creep strain experienced three development stages from decelerated growth, constant growth and accelerated growth. When the stress percentage ratio of constant load was within the range from 60% to 70%, creep strain tended to be stable; whereas beyond the range, the creep strain acceleratedly increased until creep failure. Therefore, the range of stress percentage could be taken as reference for identifying whether creep failure will happen or not for deep limestone.
  • HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL
  • LI Jia-zheng, MOU Wei-nan, WANG Lei, SHI Yan
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 139-143. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160515
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    Microstructure phase features in interfacial transition zone of concrete are important for concrete's macroscopic properties. Methods of representing CH crystal, pore and C-S-H gel and evolution law are always research hotspots. In this article, we summarized the representation methods for the main phases in interfacial transition zone of concrete and their advantages and disadvantages.We also recommend to employ SAXS in association with MIP method for studying the pore structure at microscopic and mesoscopic scales for the interface, XRD method for the orientation of CH in the interface region,FTIR for qualitative analysis on interface C-S-H gel and NMR for quantitative analysis on interface C-S-H gel. Results show that decreasing of water to binder ratio, increasing of curing age, blending of active admixture, good permeability and large size of aggregate all lead to the decreasing of porosity and CH orientation index in the interface. Moreover, the content of interface C-S-H gel increases with the growth of curing age and the blending of active admixtures.
  • GUO Wen-kang, LI Xian-gao, MIU Xiang-fu, GUO Hui, SHI Zheng-guo
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 144-148. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160488
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    Test methods for stone powder content (hereafter referred to as SPC) are quite different between the 2001 version and 2014 version of Code for testing aggregates of hydraulic concrete. In order to investigate the influence of method change on SPC test results, we detected 535 groups of artificial limestone powder (hereafter referred to as ALP) from Huangdeng hydropower station by different test methods. Results indicate that the measured values of ALP are quite different by different SPC test methods, and the influence of test method is of some regularity. The deviations in SPC test results obtained by wet screening & washing method and dry-sieve method accord with normal distribution, and the measured values of micro-particle content of ALP by wet screening & washing method also follows normal distribution. Moreover, the deviations in ALP test results obtained by the two methods in normal concrete mainly varies from 5% to 9%, with the mean value of 6.7%; as for roller compacted concrete, the interval is from 4% to 9%, and the mean value is 5.2%. In addition, the proportions of micro-particle content in ALP in normal concrete and roller compacted concrete are identical in general, approximately accounting for 80.4% of SPC.
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  • WEN Zhen-xing, MENG Xiang-fang, CHEN Yuan-ming
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 149-152. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160462
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    In order to provide reference for the development of Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute and water conservancy research, we analyzed all the papers published since it was founded in 1984 in terms of annual growth trend, author, institution and key words. Results showed that: a) the number of funded papers are increasing gradually, accounting for 71.73%, which guaranteed the academic quality of the Journal; b) the number of annual published articles is growing slowly which indicate that the journal is still in development; c) the average number of papers by highly productive core authors reaches 33.44; d) the increment ratio of papers is 0.43, higher than theoretical optimum value 0.26, with plenty of one-time authors, thus the author group needs to be stabilized; e) cooperative research has become a mainstream trend.
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  • ZHAO Hai-feng, GUI Shu-qiang, LI Qiang, JIA Jia
    Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2017, 34(8): 153-158. https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20160160
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    In the present research, the characteristics and influence factors of temperature field distribution in energy piles with buried spiral pipe were investigated by numerical means based on field prototype tests on temperature field distribution in energy piles as well as measured values of temperatures at pile wall and pile core during heat exchange. Results reveal that the regularity of temperature rise in energy pile is consistent with temperature variation at the inlet and outlet of buried pipe, which suggest that temperature field in energy pile is mainly dominated by temperature at the inlet and outlet of buried pipe. When energy pile is heated or refrigerated, temperature in pile declines or rises in a parabola along the way of the buried pipe. Moreover, the conductivity coefficient of backfill material and the pile diameter are two main factors affecting the temperature field distribution in energy pile. As conductivity coefficient increases, the temperature in pile rises at given heat durations; and in particular, temperature at the core of pile rises linearly. As pile diameter increases, the temperature in pile declines in equal proportion at given heat durations. The research results could be taken as reference for the promotion of energy piles.