Observation and Analysis of Ice Cover Roughness in the South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20240121

Abstract

Abstract:

As a research focus for ice-involved open channel projects, the roughness of ice cover is a fundamental parameter for determining the relationship between water level and discharge in open channels during freezing period. Given the current lack of data on ice sheet roughness in large-scale concrete channels, we investigated the channel section between Tanghe sluice gate and Fangshui sluice gate of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in the north of Shijiazhuang as a case study. Utilizing daily measured data of water level and flow rate from January to February 2016, we employed the Bernoulli energy equation and the Xie Cai-Manning formula to estimate channel roughness and analyze the changes in roughness before and after freezing, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results are as follows: 1) The roughness coefficient n_b of the studied channel during free-flow period is 0.016 7. The average comprehensive roughness n_c of the ice sheet during freezing period is 0.014 6, and the average surface roughness n_i beneath the ice sheet is 0.011 8. 2) Due to hydraulic abrasion, the roughness of ice sheet decreases over time during freezing. 3) Once ice sheet is formed in the channel, the water delivery capacity significantly diminishes, achieving only 66.7% of the designed flow rate. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing water transportation scheduling and designing similar engineering projects during freezing period.

Key words: South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project, ice cover roughness, channel roughness, water transfer capacity, head loss

CLC Number:

TV135.3渠系建筑物水力学

DUAN Wen-gang, XING Meng-yuan, HUANG Ming-hai, YANG Jin-bo, SHA Ji-ting. Observation and Analysis of Ice Cover Roughness in the South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2024, 41(10): 78-85.

序号	渠长 L/m	底宽 b/m	边坡系数m	纵坡i	设计水深h/m	设计流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)
渠段一	800	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段二	11 400	23.0	2.0	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段三	3 000	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段四	2 500	18.5	2.5	1∶20 000	4.5	135.0
渠段五	5 000	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段六	2 867	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0

序号	渠长 L/m	底宽 b/m	边坡系数m	纵坡i	设计水深h/m	设计流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)
渠段一	800	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段二	11 400	23.0	2.0	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段三	3 000	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段四	2 500	18.5	2.5	1∶20 000	4.5	135.0
渠段五	5 000	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0
渠段六	2 867	21.5	2.5	1∶25 000	4.5	135.0

不同年限的冬季	保定站最低日平均气温	保定站最低3 d 滑动气温	石家庄— 保定2站 6 d气温链	安阳—邢台— 石家庄— 保定4站 12 d气温链	保定站 1月平均气温
2014—2015	-5.3	-4.1	-2.8	-1.1	-1.9
2015—2016	-12.4	-9.9	-7.3	-4.7	-4.9
2016—2017	-6.4	-5.3	-3.5	-2.2	-2.7
2017—2018	-9.6	-9.3	-6.9	-4.1	-4.2
2018—2019	-11.2	-10.7	-8.1	-5.2	-3.8
2019—2020	-9.5	-7.0	-4.6	-2.4	-2.9
2020—2021	-12.0	-10.2	-7.1	-5.1	-3.8
2021—2022	-9.5	-7.4	-4.7	-2.5	-3.0
2022—2023	-10.9	-9.3	-5.6	-3.2	-2.9

不同年限的冬季	保定站最低日平均气温	保定站最低3 d 滑动气温	石家庄— 保定2站 6 d气温链	安阳—邢台— 石家庄— 保定4站 12 d气温链	保定站 1月平均气温
2014—2015	-5.3	-4.1	-2.8	-1.1	-1.9
2015—2016	-12.4	-9.9	-7.3	-4.7	-4.9
2016—2017	-6.4	-5.3	-3.5	-2.2	-2.7
2017—2018	-9.6	-9.3	-6.9	-4.1	-4.2
2018—2019	-11.2	-10.7	-8.1	-5.2	-3.8
2019—2020	-9.5	-7.0	-4.6	-2.4	-2.9
2020—2021	-12.0	-10.2	-7.1	-5.1	-3.8
2021—2022	-9.5	-7.4	-4.7	-2.5	-3.0
2022—2023	-10.9	-9.3	-5.6	-3.2	-2.9

日期	唐河节制闸闸后断面			放水河节制闸闸前断面			流量 Q/ (m³·s^-1)	平均过水面积 A/m²	平均水力半径 R/m	水位差 Δz/m	流速水头差/ m	水头损失h_f/ m	渠道糙率n_b
日期	水位/ m	水深/ m	流速/ (m·s^-1)	水位/ m	水深/ m	流速/ (m·s^-1)	流量 Q/ (m³·s^-1)	平均过水面积 A/m²	平均水力半径 R/m	水位差 Δz/m	流速水头差/ m	水头损失h_f/ m	渠道糙率n_b
01-01	69.654	3.67	0.43	69.425	4.49	0.33	48.56	129.69	2.97	0.230	0.003 9	0.234	0.016 7
01-03	69.676	3.69	0.41	69.470	4.53	0.31	46.58	131.13	2.99	0.206	0.003 6	0.209	0.016 7
01-05	69.686	3.70	0.41	69.480	4.54	0.32	47.05	131.54	3.00	0.207	0.003 6	0.210	0.016 7
01-07	69.661	3.68	0.41	69.454	4.52	0.32	46.66	130.46	2.98	0.207	0.003 7	0.211	0.016 6
01-09	69.655	3.67	0.42	69.443	4.51	0.32	46.79	130.09	2.98	0.212	0.003 7	0.215	0.016 7
01-11	69.669	3.68	0.42	69.460	4.52	0.32	47.11	130.75	2.99	0.210	0.003 7	0.213	0.016 6
01-13	69.679	3.69	0.41	69.475	4.54	0.32	47.09	131.29	2.99	0.203	0.003 7	0.207	0.016 5
01-15	69.690	3.70	0.41	69.484	4.55	0.32	47.28	131.70	3.00	0.206	0.003 7	0.210	0.016 6
01-17	69.680	3.70	0.41	69.472	4.54	0.31	46.76	131.25	2.99	0.208	0.003 6	0.212	0.016 8
01-19	69.638	3.65	0.45	69.395	4.46	0.34	49.98	128.72	2.96	0.243	0.004 2	0.247	0.016 5
01-21	69.631	3.65	0.44	69.404	4.47	0.33	48.79	128.77	2.96	0.228	0.004 0	0.232	0.016 4
平均值	69.668	3.68	0.42	69.452	4.52	0.32	47.58	130.57	2.98	0.216	0.003 8	0.220	0.016 7

Observation and Analysis of Ice Cover Roughness in the South-to-North Water Diversion Middle Route Project

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冰盖综合糙率 n_c	渠段长 L/m	平均过水面积A/m²	水力半径 R/m	流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)	断面平均流速 v/(m·s^-1)	水头损失 h_f/m	占设计流量比例/%
0.013 8	25 567	147.38	1.64	95.20	0.65	1.048	70.5
0.014 6	25 567	147.38	1.64	90.00	0.61	1.048	66.7
0.015 5	25 567	147.38	1.64	84.70	0.58	1.048	62.7

日期	冰盖综合糙率n_c	国标渠道糙率n_b	β	n_i
日期	冰盖综合糙率n_c	国标渠道糙率n_b	β	国标规范法	Einstein 法
01-24	0.015 5	0.016 7	1.038	0.014 1	0.014 2
01-25	0.014 7	0.016 7	1.038	0.012 4	0.012 6
01-26	0.015 4	0.016 7	1.038	0.013 9	0.014 0
01-27	0.015 0	0.016 7	1.038	0.013 0	0.013 2
01-28	0.015 2	0.016 7	1.037	0.013 4	0.013 6
01-29	0.013 9	0.016 7	1.037	0.010 2	0.010 7
01-30	0.013 8	0.016 7	1.037	0.009 8	0.010 4
01-31	0.014 6	0.016 7	1.037	0.012 1	0.012 3
02-01	0.014 2	0.016 7	1.038	0.011 0	0.011 4
02-02	0.014 0	0.016 7	1.038	0.010 5	0.010 9
02-03	0.013 8	0.016 7	1.038	0.009 9	0.010 4
平均值	0.014 6	0.016 7	1.038	0.011 8	0.012 2

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日期	唐河节制闸闸后断面			放水河节制闸闸前断面			流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)	平均过水面积 A/m²	平均水力半径 R/m	水位差 Δz/m	流速水头差/ m	水头损失h_f/ m	冰盖综合糙率 n_c	冰盖下表面糙率n_i
日期	水位/ m	水深/ m	流速/ (m·s^-1)	水位/ m	水深/ m	流速/ (m·s^-1)	流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)	平均过水面积 A/m²	平均水力半径 R/m	水位差 Δz/m	流速水头差/ m	水头损失h_f/ m	冰盖综合糙率 n_c	冰盖下表面糙率n_i
01-24	69.835	3.85	0.40	69.370	4.43	0.34	48.49	132.12	1.53	0.464	0.002 6	0.467	0.015 5	0.014 1
01-25	69.819	3.83	0.43	69.341	4.40	0.36	51.14	131.18	1.53	0.478	0.002 9	0.480	0.014 7	0.012 4
01-26	69.775	3.79	0.38	69.370	4.43	0.31	45.00	130.92	1.52	0.405	0.002 5	0.408	0.015 4	0.013 9
01-27	69.741	3.76	0.39	69.341	4.40	0.32	45.17	129.61	1.51	0.400	0.002 7	0.403	0.015 0	0.013 0
01-28	69.707	3.72	0.38	69.309	4.37	0.31	43.95	128.22	1.50	0.399	0.002 6	0.401	0.015 2	0.013 4
01-29	69.712	3.73	0.43	69.275	4.34	0.36	49.92	127.59	1.50	0.437	0.003 2	0.440	0.013 9	0.010 2
01-30	69.727	3.74	0.44	69.276	4.34	0.37	51.32	127.90	1.50	0.450	0.003 3	0.454	0.013 8	0.009 8
01-31	69.753	3.77	0.42	69.300	4.36	0.35	48.98	128.94	1.51	0.453	0.002 9	0.456	0.014 6	0.012 1
02-01	69.792	3.81	0.41	69.391	4.45	0.34	48.94	131.71	1.53	0.401	0.003 0	0.404	0.014 2	0.011 0
02-02	69.805	3.82	0.41	69.420	4.48	0.34	49.17	132.62	1.54	0.385	0.003 0	0.388	0.014 0	0.010 5
02-03	69.806	3.82	0.42	69.431	4.49	0.34	49.39	132.87	1.54	0.375	0.003 1	0.378	0.013 8	0.009 9
平均值	69.770	3.79	0.41	69.348	4.41	0.34	48.32	130.34	1.52	0.422	0.002 9	0.425	0.014 6	0.011 8

日期	唐河节制闸闸后断面			放水河节制闸闸前断面			流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)	平均过水面积 A/m²	平均水力半径 R/m	水位差 Δz/m	流速水头差/ m	水头损失h_f/ m	冰盖综合糙率 n_c	冰盖下表面糙率n_i
日期	水位/ m	水深/ m	流速/ (m·s^-1)	水位/ m	水深/ m	流速/ (m·s^-1)	流量Q/ (m³·s^-1)	平均过水面积 A/m²	平均水力半径 R/m	水位差 Δz/m	流速水头差/ m	水头损失h_f/ m	冰盖综合糙率 n_c	冰盖下表面糙率n_i
01-24	69.835	3.85	0.40	69.370	4.43	0.34	48.49	132.12	1.53	0.464	0.002 6	0.467	0.015 5	0.014 1
01-25	69.819	3.83	0.43	69.341	4.40	0.36	51.14	131.18	1.53	0.478	0.002 9	0.480	0.014 7	0.012 4
01-26	69.775	3.79	0.38	69.370	4.43	0.31	45.00	130.92	1.52	0.405	0.002 5	0.408	0.015 4	0.013 9
01-27	69.741	3.76	0.39	69.341	4.40	0.32	45.17	129.61	1.51	0.400	0.002 7	0.403	0.015 0	0.013 0
01-28	69.707	3.72	0.38	69.309	4.37	0.31	43.95	128.22	1.50	0.399	0.002 6	0.401	0.015 2	0.013 4
01-29	69.712	3.73	0.43	69.275	4.34	0.36	49.92	127.59	1.50	0.437	0.003 2	0.440	0.013 9	0.010 2
01-30	69.727	3.74	0.44	69.276	4.34	0.37	51.32	127.90	1.50	0.450	0.003 3	0.454	0.013 8	0.009 8
01-31	69.753	3.77	0.42	69.300	4.36	0.35	48.98	128.94	1.51	0.453	0.002 9	0.456	0.014 6	0.012 1
02-01	69.792	3.81	0.41	69.391	4.45	0.34	48.94	131.71	1.53	0.401	0.003 0	0.404	0.014 2	0.011 0
02-02	69.805	3.82	0.41	69.420	4.48	0.34	49.17	132.62	1.54	0.385	0.003 0	0.388	0.014 0	0.010 5
02-03	69.806	3.82	0.42	69.431	4.49	0.34	49.39	132.87	1.54	0.375	0.003 1	0.378	0.013 8	0.009 9
平均值	69.770	3.79	0.41	69.348	4.41	0.34	48.32	130.34	1.52	0.422	0.002 9	0.425	0.014 6	0.011 8