Effects of Maximum Grain Size of Coarse Aggregate on Deformation Properties and Long-term Durability of Hydraulic Concrete

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20240202

Abstract

Abstract:

The study aims to investigate the influence of maximum grain size of coarse aggregate on the deformation of hydraulic concrete, and assess whether the aggregate sizes specified by national standards meet the performance requirements for hydraulic concrete. Based on the Yangtze-Huaihe River Diversion Project, we conducted deformation tests on concrete with maximum coarse aggregate sizes of 31.5 mm and 40.0 mm and examined the evolution law of long-term durability performance of both aggregate sizes. Results indicate that concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 31.5 mm exhibits slightly higher ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, along with improved dynamic fatigue performance. In contrast, concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 40 mm shows reduced drying shrinkage and autogenous volumetric deformation, with comparable creep behavior to that of concrete with a 31.5 mm aggregate size. However, concrete with a 31.5 mm aggregate size demonstrates superior long-term impermeability and frost resistance compared to concrete with a 40 mm aggregate size. Therefore, using a maximum aggregate size of 31.5 mm in hydraulic concrete not only meets the performance requirements but also enhances dynamic fatigue life and durability. Nonetheless, attention should be given to potential concrete cracking issues.

Key words: hydraulic concrete, maximum grain size of coarse aggregate, deformation properties, long-term durability, concrete cracking, Yangtze-Huaihe River Diversion Project

CLC Number:

TV43水工混凝土和砂浆

Cite this article

LI Ming-xia, WANG Shi-mei, LI Pan-pan, SUN Yang-xing. Effects of Maximum Grain Size of Coarse Aggregate on Deformation Properties and Long-term Durability of Hydraulic Concrete[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2024, 41(10): 183-188.

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URL: http://ckyyb.crsri.cn/EN/10.11988/ckyyb.20240202

http://ckyyb.crsri.cn/EN/Y2024/V41/I10/183

Figures/Tables 15

Table 1 Main properties of natural river sand in Pihe River

砂种类	细度模数	表观密度/ (g·cm^-3)	吸水率/%	含泥量/%	泥块含量/%	云母含量/%	堆积密度/ (g·cm^-3)
天然砂	2.43	2.62	1.2	2.6	0	0.3	1.46

Table 1 Main properties of natural river sand in Pihe River

砂种类	细度模数	表观密度/ (g·cm^-3)	吸水率/%	含泥量/%	泥块含量/%	云母含量/%	堆积密度/ (g·cm^-3)
天然砂	2.43	2.62	1.2	2.6	0	0.3	1.46

Table 2 Petrographic characterization result of coarse aggregate

骨料粒径/mm	母岩矿物组成	岩性描述	岩石定名
5~ 31.5	生物碎屑25%,方解石70%,白云石5%	微晶-极细晶结构、生物碎屑结构。分布稍广的粒度较细部分基本不含或偶见生物碎屑,而富含生物碎屑的部分则主要由亮晶方解石胶结,颜色稍亮。亮晶方解石颗粒大小不等,不规则粒状,镶嵌分布,较大者可达0.1 mm,无色,可见解理纹,闪突起,高级白干涉色。另见数条富含有机质的较窄细脉分布于岩石边部	生物碎屑灰岩
5~40	生物碎屑30%,方解石60%,泥晶5%,亮晶5%	岩石主要由生物碎屑颗粒、泥晶及亮晶胶结物构成,发育方解石脉,内部充填亮晶方解石颗粒。生物碎屑颗粒大小不等,在0.1~2.5 mm之间。胶结物为泥晶方解石,也有粒度稍大的亮晶方解石分布,大小不等。岩石中发育数条宽度不等的方解石脉,宽约0.1~1.5 mm	生物碎屑灰岩

Table 2 Petrographic characterization result of coarse aggregate

骨料粒径/mm	母岩矿物组成	岩性描述	岩石定名
5~ 31.5	生物碎屑25%,方解石70%,白云石5%	微晶-极细晶结构、生物碎屑结构。分布稍广的粒度较细部分基本不含或偶见生物碎屑,而富含生物碎屑的部分则主要由亮晶方解石胶结,颜色稍亮。亮晶方解石颗粒大小不等,不规则粒状,镶嵌分布,较大者可达0.1 mm,无色,可见解理纹,闪突起,高级白干涉色。另见数条富含有机质的较窄细脉分布于岩石边部	生物碎屑灰岩
5~40	生物碎屑30%,方解石60%,泥晶5%,亮晶5%	岩石主要由生物碎屑颗粒、泥晶及亮晶胶结物构成,发育方解石脉,内部充填亮晶方解石颗粒。生物碎屑颗粒大小不等,在0.1~2.5 mm之间。胶结物为泥晶方解石,也有粒度稍大的亮晶方解石分布,大小不等。岩石中发育数条宽度不等的方解石脉,宽约0.1~1.5 mm	生物碎屑灰岩

Table 3 Grain size combination test

粒径/ mm	序号	石子粒径组合比/%		振实状态
粒径/ mm	序号	5~16 mm	16~31.5 mm	振实堆积密度/ (kg·m^-3)	空隙率/%
5~ 31.5	1	30	70	1 630	37.2
	2	40	60	1 610	38.1
	3	50	50	1 620	37.5
	4	60	40	1 610	37.9
	5	70	30	1 600	38.3
粒径/ mm	序号	石子粒径组合比/%		振实状态
粒径/ mm	序号	5~20 mm	20~40 mm	振实堆积密度/ (kg·m^-3)	空隙率/%
5~ 40	1	40	60	1 610	37.8
	2	45	55	1 620	37.4
	3	50	50	1 630	37.1
	4	55	45	1 640	36.8
	5	60	40	1 630	37.3

Table 3 Grain size combination test

粒径/ mm	序号	石子粒径组合比/%		振实状态
粒径/ mm	序号	5~16 mm	16~31.5 mm	振实堆积密度/ (kg·m^-3)	空隙率/%
5~ 31.5	1	30	70	1 630	37.2
	2	40	60	1 610	38.1
	3	50	50	1 620	37.5
	4	60	40	1 610	37.9
	5	70	30	1 600	38.3
粒径/ mm	序号	石子粒径组合比/%		振实状态
粒径/ mm	序号	5~20 mm	20~40 mm	振实堆积密度/ (kg·m^-3)	空隙率/%
5~ 40	1	40	60	1 610	37.8
	2	45	55	1 620	37.4
	3	50	50	1 630	37.1
	4	55	45	1 640	36.8
	5	60	40	1 630	37.3

Table 4 Quality of coarse aggregates

骨料粒径/ mm	粗骨料级配	表观密度/ (kg·m^-3)	针片状含量/%	吸水率/%	压碎指标/ %	坚固性/ %	含泥量/ %	有机质含量
5~ 31.5	5~ 16 mm	2 680	4	0.76	8.1	1.7	0.4	浅于标准色
5~ 31.5	16~ 31.5 mm	2 700	5	0.45	—	1.6	0.6	浅于标准色
5~ 40	5~ 20 mm	2 690	5	0.83	7.5	1.8	0.3	浅于标准色
5~ 40	20~ 40 mm	2 670	6	0.76	—	1.5	0.2	浅于标准色
DL/T 5144— 2015碎石品质要求		≥2 550	≤15	≤2.5	≤16	≤5	≤1	浅于标准色

Table 4 Quality of coarse aggregates

骨料粒径/ mm	粗骨料级配	表观密度/ (kg·m^-3)	针片状含量/%	吸水率/%	压碎指标/ %	坚固性/ %	含泥量/ %	有机质含量
5~ 31.5	5~ 16 mm	2 680	4	0.76	8.1	1.7	0.4	浅于标准色
5~ 31.5	16~ 31.5 mm	2 700	5	0.45	—	1.6	0.6	浅于标准色
5~ 40	5~ 20 mm	2 690	5	0.83	7.5	1.8	0.3	浅于标准色
5~ 40	20~ 40 mm	2 670	6	0.76	—	1.5	0.2	浅于标准色
DL/T 5144— 2015碎石品质要求		≥2 550	≤15	≤2.5	≤16	≤5	≤1	浅于标准色

Table 5 Mix proportion of concrete

编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	混凝土材料用量/(kg·m^-3)						坍落度/mm
编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	水	水泥	粉煤灰	砂	5~16 mm石子	16~31.5 mm石子	坍落度/mm
G1	C25	二	0.49	39	0.9	153	234	78	711	344	797	160
G2	C30	二	0.42	38	0.9	154	275	92	672	339	785	155
编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	混凝土材料用量/(kg·m^-3)						坍落度/mm
编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	水	水泥	粉煤灰	砂	5~20 mm石子	20~40 mm石子	坍落度/mm
S1	C25	二	0.49	39	0.9	150	230	77	727	640	524	155
S2	C30	二	0.42	38	0.9	151	270	90	689	632	517	150

Table 5 Mix proportion of concrete

编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	混凝土材料用量/(kg·m^-3)						坍落度/mm
编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	水	水泥	粉煤灰	砂	5~16 mm石子	16~31.5 mm石子	坍落度/mm
G1	C25	二	0.49	39	0.9	153	234	78	711	344	797	160
G2	C30	二	0.42	38	0.9	154	275	92	672	339	785	155
编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	混凝土材料用量/(kg·m^-3)						坍落度/mm
编号	强度等级	级配	水胶比	砂率/ %	减水剂含量/%	水	水泥	粉煤灰	砂	5~20 mm石子	20~40 mm石子	坍落度/mm
S1	C25	二	0.49	39	0.9	150	230	77	727	640	524	155
S2	C30	二	0.42	38	0.9	151	270	90	689	632	517	150

Table 6 Dimensions of test specimen

试验名称	试件类型	试件尺寸
静力抗压弹性模量试验	圆柱体	Φ150 mm×300 mm
极限拉伸值试验	翼型体	600 mm×196 mm×130 mm
干缩试验	棱柱体	100 mm×100 mm×515 mm
自生体积变形试验	圆柱体	Φ200 mm×500 mm
压缩徐变试验	圆柱体	Φ150 mm×450 mm
动态疲劳性能试验	立方体	150 mm×150 mm×150 mm
抗渗试验	截头圆锥体	上Φ175 mm×下 Φ185 mm×150 mm
抗冻试验	棱柱体	400 mm×100 mm×100 mm

Table 6 Dimensions of test specimen

试验名称	试件类型	试件尺寸
静力抗压弹性模量试验	圆柱体	Φ150 mm×300 mm
极限拉伸值试验	翼型体	600 mm×196 mm×130 mm
干缩试验	棱柱体	100 mm×100 mm×515 mm
自生体积变形试验	圆柱体	Φ200 mm×500 mm
压缩徐变试验	圆柱体	Φ150 mm×450 mm
动态疲劳性能试验	立方体	150 mm×150 mm×150 mm
抗渗试验	截头圆锥体	上Φ175 mm×下 Φ185 mm×150 mm
抗冻试验	棱柱体	400 mm×100 mm×100 mm

Fig.1 Dynamic fatigue performance test

Table 7 Comparison of performance between hydraulic aggregate concrete and national standard aggregate concrete

试件编号	骨料最大粒径/mm	弹性模量/(10³MPa)			极限拉伸值/10^-6
试件编号	骨料最大粒径/mm	7 d	28 d	90 d	7 d	28 d	90 d
G1	31.5	24.4	31.6	36.9	78	93	109
G2	31.5	25.8	33.4	39.7	83	106	117
S1	40	23.3	30.2	35.8	74	89	103
S2	40	24.6	32.5	38.1	79	101	112

Table 7 Comparison of performance between hydraulic aggregate concrete and national standard aggregate concrete

试件编号	骨料最大粒径/mm	弹性模量/(10³MPa)			极限拉伸值/10^-6
试件编号	骨料最大粒径/mm	7 d	28 d	90 d	7 d	28 d	90 d
G1	31.5	24.4	31.6	36.9	78	93	109
G2	31.5	25.8	33.4	39.7	83	106	117
S1	40	23.3	30.2	35.8	74	89	103
S2	40	24.6	32.5	38.1	79	101	112

Fig.2 Variation of drying shrinkage rate

Fig.3 Variation of autogenous volumetric deformation

Fig.4 Change in creep

Table 8 Fatigue test result for each group

试件编号	试块编号	峰值荷载/ kN	谷值荷载/ kN	循环次数	平均循环次数
	试块1	622.8	62.3	788
G1	试块2	622.8	62.3	813	835
	试块3	622.8	62.3	905
	试块1	743.4	74.3	1 126
G2	试块2	743.4	74.3	1 209	1 198
	试块3	743.4	74.3	1 258
	试块1	603.0	60.3	764
S1	试块2	603.0	60.3	739	771
	试块3	603.0	60.3	809
	试块1	723.6	72.4	1 065
S2	试块2	723.6	72.4	1 128	1 046
	试块3	723.6	72.4	944

Table 8 Fatigue test result for each group

试件编号	试块编号	峰值荷载/ kN	谷值荷载/ kN	循环次数	平均循环次数
	试块1	622.8	62.3	788
G1	试块2	622.8	62.3	813	835
	试块3	622.8	62.3	905
	试块1	743.4	74.3	1 126
G2	试块2	743.4	74.3	1 209	1 198
	试块3	743.4	74.3	1 258
	试块1	603.0	60.3	764
S1	试块2	603.0	60.3	739	771
	试块3	603.0	60.3	809
	试块1	723.6	72.4	1 065
S2	试块2	723.6	72.4	1 128	1 046
	试块3	723.6	72.4	944

Fig.5 Histogram of fatigue cycles for each group

Table 9 Test result of impermeability of each test group

编号	水胶比	强度等级	骨料最大粒径/mm	28 d抗渗结果		90 d抗渗结果		180 d抗渗结果		270 d抗渗结果		360 d抗渗结果
编号	水胶比	强度等级	骨料最大粒径/mm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm
G1	0.49	C25	31.5	>W6	2.3	>W6	2.1	>W6	1.9	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.5
G2	0.42	C30	31.5	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.5	>W6	1.3
S1	0.49	C25	40.0	>W6	2.8	>W6	2.2	>W6	2.1	>W6	1.6	>W6	1.4
S2	0.42	C30	40.0	>W6	2.2	>W6	1.8	>W6	1.9	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.5

Table 9 Test result of impermeability of each test group

编号	水胶比	强度等级	骨料最大粒径/mm	28 d抗渗结果		90 d抗渗结果		180 d抗渗结果		270 d抗渗结果		360 d抗渗结果
编号	水胶比	强度等级	骨料最大粒径/mm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm	抗渗等级	渗水高度/cm
G1	0.49	C25	31.5	>W6	2.3	>W6	2.1	>W6	1.9	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.5
G2	0.42	C30	31.5	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.5	>W6	1.3
S1	0.49	C25	40.0	>W6	2.8	>W6	2.2	>W6	2.1	>W6	1.6	>W6	1.4
S2	0.42	C30	40.0	>W6	2.2	>W6	1.8	>W6	1.9	>W6	1.7	>W6	1.5

Table 10 Test result of frost resistance in each test group

编号	水胶比	强度等级	骨料最大粒径/mm	50次抗冻结果
				28 d		90 d		180 d		270 d		360 d
				质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%
G1	0.49	C25	31.5	0.9	90	0.8	91	0.6	93	0.6	95	0.5	96
G2	0.42	C30	31.5	0.6	92	0.6	93	0.5	96	0.5	94	0.5	96
S1	0.49	C25	40.0	1.1	84	1.0	86	0.8	90	0.7	92	0.6	94
S2	0.42	C30	40.0	0.8	87	0.8	89	0.7	91	0.7	94	0.6	95

Table 10 Test result of frost resistance in each test group

编号	水胶比	强度等级	骨料最大粒径/mm	50次抗冻结果
				28 d		90 d		180 d		270 d		360 d
				质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%	质量损失率/%	相对动弹性模量/%
G1	0.49	C25	31.5	0.9	90	0.8	91	0.6	93	0.6	95	0.5	96
G2	0.42	C30	31.5	0.6	92	0.6	93	0.5	96	0.5	94	0.5	96
S1	0.49	C25	40.0	1.1	84	1.0	86	0.8	90	0.7	92	0.6	94
S2	0.42	C30	40.0	0.8	87	0.8	89	0.7	91	0.7	94	0.6	95

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