It is one of the basic state policies for China to protect water and soil resources as it is abundant in mountains yet with severe soil erosion problems. The basic theory, organizations and agencies, laws and regulations, and technologies with respect to soil and water conservation in the past few decades are summarized and compared with those of the other countries. It is concluded that soil and water conservation in China has developed a comprehensive system comprising educational and scientific institutions and organizations, mature techniques, and secured laws and policies. Meanwhile, problems of soil and water conservation in China are presented, and corresponding countermeasures are proposed.