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Simulation on Splitting Tensile Failure Characteristics of Rock-Filled Concrete Based on Realistic Rockfill Geometries
ZHANG Tian-qi, LÜ Qing-chao, CHEN Xin-xiao, LUO Tao, WANG Pan, WANG Zhi-xin
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (10) : 233-242.
PDF(7326 KB)
PDF(7326 KB)
Simulation on Splitting Tensile Failure Characteristics of Rock-Filled Concrete Based on Realistic Rockfill Geometries
[Objective] Rock-filled concrete (RFC), formed by large-size rockfill and self-compacting concrete (SCC), possesses tensile properties that not only determine the deformation of dam structures but also affect their durability. Laboratory test studies on large-scale RFC specimens have yielded relatively limited splitting tensile test data; meanwhile, numerical models predominantly adopt randomly generated rockfill configurations, and studies on the mesoscopic failure mechanisms of large-scale RFC based on realistic rockfill morphologies remain scarce. This study aims to address this gap. [Methods] Splitting tensile tests were performed on RFC specimens with a side length of 600 mm. A three-dimensional discrete element model of RFC with realistic rockfill geometries was established using multi-view 3D reconstruction technology. The mesostructural evolution of RFC during splitting tensile failure at various stress levels was analyzed. [Results] The splitting tensile strength of RFC is 2.06 MPa, and three failure modes are identified, namely SCC splitting, rockfill splitting, and rockfill spalling. The number of cracks increases progressively with rising stress levels during the failure process. At σ100%, cracks in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) account for 59% (2408 cracks) of the total cracks and act as the dominant failure cracks. While tensile cracks dominate the entire failure process, reaching 69% (2 816 cracks) at σ100%. The evolution of force chains presents a staged distribution characteristic from local concentration to three-dimensional expansion, and then to rockfill bearing, and present an elliptical through-distribution at σ100%, with rockfill becoming the primary load-bearing component. Particles move from the upper and lower ends toward the middle with lateral deflection, and stratification occurs at σ70%. [Conclusion] This research reveals the mesoscopic characteristics and quantitative evolution mechanism of splitting tensile failure in RFC with realistic rockfill morphologies, and provides a theoretical reference for numerical simulations of the tensile performance in RFC engineering.
rock-filled concrete / realistic rockfill geometries / splitting tensile / stress level / numerical simulation
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Rock-filled concrete (RFC) represents a distinct category of cemented granular materials characterized by pouring self-compacting concrete with an aggregate of rock boulders, forming a two-phase heterogeneous material for engineering-scale applications. RFC has recently emerged as a popular choice in dam construction projects. This study introduces a novel and efficient model to simulate the complex macro- and micromechanical behaviors of RFC. The present model is facilitated by developing Peridynamics as a non-local, mesh-free, integral-based numerical method, with a newly developed contact algorithm to simulate materials with a discrete nature like RFC, notwithstanding the fact that Peridynamics was originally designed for simulating damage and failure in continuum solids. To ensure the reliability of the developed model, simulations were calibrated and validated against experimental test results obtained from the Lyutang dam site in China. Various analyses were conducted on RFC samples, including damage evolution, sample size effects, the impact of rock volume ratio and distribution, the effects of confining stress, and pre-existing defects. Through these comprehensive investigations, several key factors of RFC were determined, including the representative volume element, maximum damage rate, fractal dimension, and failure criteria. This in-depth numerical examination not only contributes to our understanding of RFC but also holds practical implications for future dam construction projects and other applications using RFC.
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为研究垫条宽度对堆石混凝土(RFC)劈裂抗拉强度的影响,构建了边长为600 mm的RFC立方体离散元模型,结合已有普通混凝土及RFC立方体试件劈裂抗拉强度试验的相关成果,探讨了大尺寸RFC立方体试件模型在劈裂抗拉强度试验中垫条宽度的合理取值问题。结果表明:当垫条宽度小于15 mm时(相对垫条宽度为0.025),RFC立方体试件在垫条轴线平面会发生局部剪切破坏;当相对垫条宽度为0.033时,垫条宽度对不同尺寸普通混凝土和RFC立方体试件劈裂抗拉强度的影响程度较接近;当相对垫条宽度大于0.042后,RFC立方体试件中堆石的骨架作用阻碍了裂纹的扩展,导致垫条宽度对RFC立方体试件劈裂抗拉强度的影响显著加大。建议大尺寸RFC立方体试件劈裂抗拉强度试验的相对垫条宽度按0.033取值。
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To investigate the impact of load bearing strip width on the splitting tensile strength of rock-filled concrete (RFC), a discrete element model of RFC cube with a side length of 600 mm was established. In combination with the existing relevant achievements of splitting tensile strength tests on ordinary concrete and RFC cube specimens, the reasonable value of load bearing strip width in the splitting tensile strength test for large-sized RFC cube specimens was explored. The results indicate that when the load bearing strip width is less than 15 mm (relative load bearing strip width is 0.025), local shear failure occurs near the load bearing strip for the RFC cube specimens. When the relative load bearing strip width is 0.033, the influence of the load bearing strip width on the splitting tensile strength of ordinary concrete and RFC cube specimens of different sizes is relatively close. When the relative load bearing strip width is greater than 0.042, the skeletal effect of rockfill in the RFC cube specimens hinders the crack propagation, resulting in a significant increase in the influence width of the load bearing strip on the splitting tensile strength of the RFC cube specimens. It is recommended that the relative load bearing strip width for the splitting tensile strength test of large-sized RFC cube specimens be taken as 0.033.
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