Three-dimensional Dynamic Simulation Technology of Urban Waterlogging Based on MIKE and Unity 3D

XIANG Tao, JIANG Chang-bo, WANG Chen-hao, DENG Bin, HUANG Zi-hao, XU Mu-nan

Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (11) : 211-222.

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Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (11) : 211-222. DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20260104
DISASTER MECHANISMS AND INTELLIGENT PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF URBAN FLOODING

Three-dimensional Dynamic Simulation Technology of Urban Waterlogging Based on MIKE and Unity 3D

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Abstract

[Objective] To address the insufficient lightweight and continuous three-dimensional expression of two-dimensional hydrodynamic outputs, an integrated method combining hydrodynamic calculation, 3D rendering, and risk mapping was established for urban waterlogging deduction. [Methods] Based on the results of drone oblique photography, a three-dimensional real scene base was constructed, and the MIKE FLOOD coupled model was established using MIKE URBAN and MIKE 21. And the model was calibrated using the actual rainfall process measured on April 25, 2022, and further validated with the typical rainstorm process on July 1, 2017. In the 3D dynamic simulation phase, the focus is on constructing a floating-point texture mapping method: converting the results output by the hydrodynamic model into temporal texture data according to a uniform grid index. The relative elevation of water surface is encoded using RFloat single-channel texture, while the flow velocity field is encoded using RGFloat dual-channel texture. Global min-max normalization is used to maintain consistent data scales at different times. In the 3D engine, UV mapping is established based on the coordinate transformation relationship between the model grid and the 3D scene. The elevation changes of water surface are driven by the Crest plugin, shader sampling, and frame interpolation. At the same time, information on water depth and flow velocity are extracted from the texture, the HR hazard index is calculated based on water depth-flow velocity combination, and dynamic heat maps are generated according to risk thresholds to achieve synchronized expression of urban flooding process display and pedestrian water risk assessment. [Results] Calibration results showed that the maximum absolute error of water depth at four typical waterlogging points was 0.12 m, and the average error was controlled within 0.10 m. The verification using the 2017 rainstorm event indicated that the simulated inundation distribution was generally consistent with historically reported flood-prone locations, including Yingxia Road, the Jinxia Garden area, and the Furong Road-Shengshi Road intersection. Under rainfall scenarios with return periods of 50, 100, and 200 years, the total inundated areas in the study area were 41.81, 45.06, and 47.61 hm2, respectively, and the proportions of inundated area with water depths greater than 0.15 m all exceeded 70%. Under the transposed “7·20” extreme rainstorm scenario, the system loaded 397 frames of elevation and velocity textures, and the three-dimensional simulation maintained a stable frame rate of approximately 60 FPS. The system continuously displayed the waterlogging development process characterized by initial ponding in low-lying areas, expansion along road depressions, and subsequent connected inundation with increasing water depth. The HR-index-based risk heat maps showed that the risk levels along Furong North Road and near the Xiangjiang Road-Shengshi Road intersection gradually evolved from low risk to medium, high, and very high risk as the rainfall process developed. [Conclusions] This study establishes a loosely coupled technical route for converting MIKE FLOOD numerical simulation outputs into the Unity 3D real-time rendering environment. The main innovation lies in the proposed floating-point texture encoding method for hydrodynamic result conversion, which enables continuous three-dimensional expression of water depth, water-surface elevation, and velocity vectors. In addition, a dynamic risk mapping mechanism integrating hydrodynamic fields and the pedestrian hazard index was constructed, allowing urban waterlogging simulation results to be extended from static inundation display to process-oriented, interactive, and risk-oriented three-dimensional visualization.

Key words

urban pluvial flooding / MIKE FLOOD / Unity 3D / texture coding / risk quantification

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XIANG Tao , JIANG Chang-bo , WANG Chen-hao , et al . Three-dimensional Dynamic Simulation Technology of Urban Waterlogging Based on MIKE and Unity 3D[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2026, 43(11): 211-222 https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20260104

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陈丽慧, 陈洁, 高郭平. 滨海城市洪涝风险评估:以上海临港新城为例[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2025, 42(8):84-93.
Abstract
开展滨海城市洪涝灾害风险评估,对滨海城市加强灾害风险管理、降低灾害负面影响具有重要的意义。已开展的研究对上海市中心城区的洪涝风险已经取得了较好的进展,但是对于上海市郊区特别是位于东南沿海的临港新片区的研究还有待进一步深入,且评估存在缺乏全面性及精度较低的问题,所以需要进一步明确。基于指标体系法,以上海市临港新片区为例,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境暴露度和承灾体脆弱性3个方面选取9个指标,构建30 m×30 m的栅格评估单元,通过层次分析法和熵权法确定指标权重,利用ArcGIS对研究区进行精细化的暴雨洪涝灾害综合风险评估。结果表明:上海市临港新片区洪涝灾害风险主要受脆弱性、暴露度的影响,综合风险等级面积占比分别为10.34%的高风险区、17.97%的较高风险区、27.59%的中风险区、27.03%的较低风险区和17.07%的低风险区,风险总体呈东南部最高、中部城镇地区次之、中西部农村地区较低的空间分布形态。
(Chen Lihui, Chen Jie, Gao Guoping. Flood risk assessment in coastal cities:a case study of Lingang new city, Shanghai[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, 2025, 42(8): 84-93. (in Chinese))
[27]
程麒铭, 刘霖皓, 刘非, 等. 基于MIKE FLOOD耦合模型模拟的城市内涝对道路安全风险的影响评估[J]. 中国农村水利水电, 2024(8): 94-104.
Abstract
城市内涝风险评估对预防洪涝灾害有重要作用,但现有研究很少针对道路安全风险评估。以重庆市秀山县为研究对象,通过构建MIKE FLOOD耦合模型对道路安全风险进行评估。结果表明:地面积水深度主要集中在 0.05~0.15 m,不同重现期(P=1%~20%)降雨下的水深在空间分布上大体呈一致状态,积水时间主要集中在60~90 min,积水流速主要大于0.8 m/s。其中,老城区部分区域的基础设施安全风险以极高风险(水深>0.4 m)为主,其余区域为轻微风险(水深<0.5 m)为主,而行人安全风险以Ⅲ级(危险性指数1.25~2)为主,其余区域则以Ⅰ级(危险性指数<0.75)为主。大部分路段的交通运行状况以畅通等级(保留系数>0.7)为主,但部分路段遇暴雨时中断(保留系数=0)。研究结果可为城市内涝发生前的交通管控和通行预警提供科学依据。
(Cheng Qiming, Liu Linhao, Liu Fei, et al. Impact assessment of urban waterlogging on urban road safety risk based on MIKE FLOOD coupling model[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower, 2024(8): 94-104. (in Chinese))

The assessment of urban flood risk plays a crucial role in preventing flood disasters, yet there is limited research on road safety risk assessment. Taking Xiushan County, Chongqing Municipality, as the study area, road safety risk was assessed using the MIKE FLOOD coupled model. The results indicate that surface water depths are mainly concentrated between 0.05 to 0.15 meters, and the spatial distribution of water depths under different return periods ( P=1%~20%) is generally consistent. The duration of water accumulation is mainly between 60 to 90 minutes, and the water accumulation flow velocity is mainly greater than 0.8 meters per second. In some areas of the old city, the infrastructure safety risk is primarily at a very high level (water depth >0.4 meters), while in other areas, it is predominantly at a slight risk level (water depth <0.5 meters). Pedestrian safety risk of the old city is primarily at level III (hazard index 1.25~2) in some areas, while in other areas, it is primarily at level I (hazard index <0.75). The traffic operation conditions on most road sections are mainly at the unimpeded level (retention coefficient >0.7), but some road sections are interrupted during heavy rainfall (retention coefficient = 0). The research findings can provide scientific basis for traffic control and passage warning before urban flooding occurs.

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