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Simulation of Pollutant Response Characteristics of Drainage Node Surcharge under Different Rainstorm Patterns
DAI Sheng, LIU Fei, CHEN Yao, NING Bo-rui, JIANG Kun-kun, FANG Bo, YE Feng
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (11) : 171-181.
PDF(13839 KB)
PDF(13839 KB)
Simulation of Pollutant Response Characteristics of Drainage Node Surcharge under Different Rainstorm Patterns
[Objective] To investigate the response characteristics of pollutants discharged through stormwater drainage node surcharge under different rainstorm patterns, this study systematically simulated and analyzed the response of suspended solids (SS), a typical runoff pollutant, during the surcharge process of a stormwater drainage system under seven typical rainfall patterns. [Methods] Based on measured data and basic geographic information from the study area, a coupled one-dimensional pipe-network and two-dimensional surface hydrodynamic-water quality model was developed using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The model was calibrated and validated using measured rainfall and drainage data. Historical rainfall events in the study area were statistically analyzed, and seven typical rainfall patterns were identified. The response characteristics of SS under different rainfall scenarios were examined, with emphasis on the effects of rainfall pattern and return period on pollutant discharge at the outlet and stormwater drainage node surcharge. The most unfavorable rainfall pattern was further identified, and the spatial extent of polluted surface ponding under this rainfall pattern was analyzed. [Results] Simulation results showed that: (1) Under different rainfall scenarios, SS concentration at the discharge outlet exhibited a typical dynamic pattern, characterized by a rapid increase to a peak value, followed by a sharp decrease and gradual stabilization. Rainfall pattern and return period had significant effects on the temporal variation of SS concentration at the outlet. For early-peak and uniform rainfall patterns, the SS concentration showed relatively similar temporal trends, and the peak SS concentration increased clearly with increasing return period. In contrast, for middle- and late-peak rainfall patterns, the return period had no obvious effect on the magnitude of the SS concentration peak, but significantly affected the peak occurrence time, with larger return periods generally leading to earlier peak occurrence. (2) The SS load discharged through the outlet varied notably among different rainfall scenarios. With increasing return period, the outlet SS load showed a continuous increasing trend, while its growth rate gradually decreased. Under unimodal rainfall patterns, the outlet SS load was generally slightly lower than that under uniform and bimodal rainfall patterns. Among all rainfall patterns, the uniform rainfall pattern produced the highest outlet SS load, indicating a stronger capacity for transporting SS pollutants through the discharge outlet. By contrast, the SS load discharged through stormwater drainage node surcharge under unimodal rainfall patterns was generally higher than that under uniform and bimodal rainfall patterns. In particular, the middle-peak unimodal rainfall pattern, namely type III rainfall, produced the highest SS load from stormwater drainage node surcharge. Under the 100-year return period, the SS load from stormwater drainage node surcharge accounted for approximately 50% of the total SS load. (3) The ponding volume and ponding area associated with stormwater drainage node surcharge pollution increased progressively with increasing return period. Taking type III rainfall as an example, the polluted ponding area caused by node surcharge expanded from approximately 75 hm2 under the 1-year return period to 150 hm2 under the 100-year return period. Meanwhile, the ponding volume increased from approximately 4×104 m3 to 3×105 m3, representing a 7.5-fold increase. However, the average SS concentration of pollutants discharged to the ground surface through stormwater drainage node surcharge gradually decreased from 615 mg/L under the 1-year return period to 383 mg/L under the 100-year return period. This indicates that stormwater drainage node surcharge pollution is characterized by relatively low pollutant concentration but wide spatial coverage. [Conclusions] During urban rainfall-runoff processes, the migration and transformation of SS are closely associated with rainstorm patterns. Different rainfall patterns resulted in significant differences in peak SS concentration, peak occurrence time at the discharge outlet, and pollutant load caused by stormwater drainage node surcharge. This study clarifies the effects of rainfall pattern and return period on the pollution response of stormwater drainage node surcharge, providing a scientific reference for urban water-environment risk warning and rainfall-runoff pollution control.
urban waterlogging / storm pattern / runoff pollution / SWMM / FVCOM / SS
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