[Objective] This study represents the first systematic quantification of soil erosion in large-scale tea plantations within the hilly region of southern Anhui Province， aiming to provide critical insights for soil and water conservation strategies. [Methods] We built a comprehensive soil erosion factor dataset through integration of field-measured soil parameters and multi-source geospatial data. Based on the CSLE （Chinese Soil Loss Equation） model， we analyzed the characteristics of soil erosion in tea plantations and evaluated the influences of topography and soil types in Fengle River Basin. [Results] （1） The 2022 average soil erosion modulus of Fengle River Basin was 2 953.24 t/（km²·a）， with 43.02% of the watershed area experiencing erosion. The area of soil erosion was mainly classified as mild erosion and decreased with increasing erosion intensity. The overall soil erosion intensity exhibited a spatial pattern of higher values in the northwest and lower values in the southeast. （2） Tea plantations exhibited an average soil erosion modulus of 9 621.59 t/（km²·a）. The soil erosion area in tea plantations covered 27.76 km²， accounting for 68.19% of the total tea plantations and 12.55% of the basin’s total erosion area. Among the eroded tea plantations， mild erosion accounted for 47.14%. The area of soil erosion in tea plantations gradually decreases with the increase of erosion intensity level. The overall spatial distribution of soil erosion intensity revealed higher erosion levels in the northern regions and lower levels in the southern regions. （3） Average erosion modules exhibited a unimodal relationship with elevation， peaking at 500-1 000 m. The proportion of soil erosion area in tea plantations at altitudes of 200-500 m reached 75.81%， followed by the 500-1 000 m zone， with minimal loss in other altitude ranges. Regarding slope changes， the average soil erosion modulus and erosion area of tea plantations in Fengle River Basin both exhibited increasing trends with slope， reaching maximum values at slopes of 25°-35°， and then slightly decreasing at slopes above 35°. Tea plantations in slope zones above 25° accounted for 75.44% of the total erosion area， classified as having extremely intense erosion intensity， with severe forms of soil loss. （4） The average soil erosion modulus of tea plantations ranked： litho soils > skeletal soils > yellow earths > red earths > paddy soils > purplish soils. Erosion area of tea plantations distribution followed： red earths > skeletal soil > paddy soil > yellow earths > purplish soils > litho soils. （5） Combining topography and soil impacts， in terms of average soil erosion modulus， severe erosion combinations included skeletal soil with slope 25°-35°， limestone soil with slope 25°-35°， and purple soil with slope >35°. There were 12 extremely intense， 4 intense， and 5 moderate erosion combinations. The top three erosion contributors were red earths with slope >35°，red earths with slope 25°-35° ，and red earths with slope 15°-25° ， accounting for 69.92% of the total erosion area in tea plantations. Other combination conditions had a minimal erosion area. [Conclusion] Fengle River Basin is characterized by pronounced soil erosion factors， including high rainfall erosivity （R-factor）， low vegetation coverage （C-factor）， steep slope gradients （LS-factor）， and poor soil erodibility （K-factor）. Fengle River Basin’s tea plantations face serious soil erosion issues. Tea plantations are widely distributed on high and steep slopes， while soil and water conservation measures are limited. These regions are the key areas for preventing soil erosion and promoting sustainable development of the tea industry in the future.