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Assessment of Habitat Suitability for Spawning Schooling of Four Major Chinese Carps in Yichang River Section of Yangtze River
DAI Ling-quan, LIU Xuan, LI Qiu-ping, CAO Guang-rong, LIU Han, GAO Xing-chen, ZHOU Wen-hao, JIANG Wei
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (5) : 58-66.
PDF(7069 KB)
PDF(7069 KB)
Assessment of Habitat Suitability for Spawning Schooling of Four Major Chinese Carps in Yichang River Section of Yangtze River
[Objective] Promoting the natural spawning of fish through reservoir operation is an important and effective measure for enhancing the ecological benefits of reservoirs. From 2011 to 2025, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) conducted 24 ecological operation tests over 15 consecutive years to promote the spawning of the four major Chinese carps (FMCC) and facilitate the recovery of fish resources. However, early-stage fish resource monitoring data indicate that the responses of FMCC to each ecological operation test vary, with spawning effects being pronounced in some cases but suboptimal in others. Therefore, attention should be focused on the schooling behavior of the parent fish of FMCC in the Yichang river section, and appropriate hydrodynamic conditions constitute a key ecological basis for their spawning. [Methods] To determine the appropriate ecological flow for FMCC parent fish schooling in the Yichang river section, this study began with the ecohydraulics requirements of the parent fish schooling, proposed a hydrodynamic suitability curve based on previous monitoring results and existing literature, established a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and a Physical Habitat Simulation Model (PHABSIM) of the spawning site, analyzed the hydraulic habitat suitability of FMCC under different flow conditions, and identified the ecological flow range suitable for parent fish schooling. [Results] By simulating the weighted usable volume (WUV) of FMCC spawning schooling habitats under different outflows from the TGR, the spatial response characteristics of the schooling habitat were quantitatively evaluated. Overall, WUV first increased and then decreased as the flow of the spawning site increased. At a flow of 14 000 m3/s, WUV reached its maximum, accounting for 71.7% of the percent usable volume (PUV) of the study area. Under this flow, conditions were favorable for forming a larger, more concentrated, and well-connected schooling-suitable habitat. Under high flow conditions exceeding 22 000 m3/s, the increased flow velocity and intensified vertical velocity gradient hindered the formation of stable FMCC spawning schooling, significantly reducing the suitable habitat volume. Therefore, to promote parent fish schooling, flow should not be too high. The optimal flow range should be 10 000-20 000 m3/s, accounting for more than 64.3% of PUV, which was conducive to forming a three-dimensional habitat suitable for FMCC schooling and maintaining high ecological stability. The suitable flow velocity and depth ranges for parent fish spawning schooling in the Yichang river section were 0.9-1.4 m/s and 3.0-5.0 m, respectively. FMCC habitat suitability in the study area exhibited distinct vertical and horizontal spatial distribution patterns. At a flow of 14 000 m3/s, the average velocity in the upper layer was 1.10 m/s, while in the lower layer it was 0.75 m/s. For the upper-middle layer, flow velocity, depth, and comprehensive suitability index were 0.90, 0.91, and 0.84 respectively, whereas for the bottom layer, they were 0.89, 0.65 and 0.57. The upper-middle layer outperformed the bottom layer, particularly in terms of depth and comprehensive suitability index, indicating that the upper-middle layer provided more stable and suitable habitat conditions for FMCC. [Conclusion] Using an unstructured irregular triangular mesh, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the FMCC spawning site in the Yichang river section is established. The model accuracy meets the requirements, enabling accurate simulation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the spawning site under different flow conditions. Before spawning, parent fish tend to occupy the upper-middle layer, and their behavior is more sensitive to flow conditions. The flows of 10 000-20 000 m3/s favor parent fish schooling, with the most suitable range being 12 000-16 000 m3/s. The findings provide a scientific basis for the TGR to precisely regulate ecological water management during key life history stages, such as parent fish schooling, thereby enhancing the ecological benefits of the reservoir.
four major Chinese carps / spawning schooling / hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions / suitability assessment / Three Gorges Reservoir / ecological operation
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From 2011 to 2023， a total of 20 ecological operation experiments of artificial flood peak were conducted in the Lower Jinsha River-Three Gorges cascade reservoirs， focusing on the fish spawning， and a lot of experience was accumulated while achieving good experiments results. In order to systematically figure out the effectiveness and experience of the ecological operation experiments of artificial flood peak over the years， this paper takes the Lower Jinsha River-Three Gorges cascade reservoirs as an example. First， the principles， key points， monitoring and evaluation methods of the ecological operation experiments of artificial flood peak were introduced. Second， the development of operation experiments over the years was reviewed. Finally， the operation experience was summarized and the future optimal direction was proposed. The results showed that the ecological operation experiments of artificial flood peak in the Lower Jinsha River-Three Gorges cascade reservoirs effectively promoted the spawning of fishes spawning drifting eggs in the Yangtze River. The effect of promoting the natural spawning of the representative fishes spawning drifting eggs——the four major Chinese carps under the dam is the most significant in the Three Gorges Reservoir. By 2023， the total spawning scale of the four major Chinese carps in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River reached 38.25 billion. Under the joint promotion of multi-year ecological operation practice and 10-year fishing ban plan， the fish resources of the four major Chinese carps is close to the level of the 1980s. However， under the influence of climate change， fish spawning and developmental characteristics change， spawning ground change and other factors， the ecological operation experiments of artificial flood peak need to carry out targeted optimization and adjustment in the aspects of operation process optimization， operation effect evaluation， and operation effect improvement. The results can provide a reference for the ecological operation of artificial flood peak for fish spawning in similar basins under changing environment. |
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Collective behavior is a common phenomenon in nature, about half of all fish species shoal for part or all their lives. In order to investigate the effect of population size on the collective behavior of juvenile bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), the Lolitrack software was used to compare the differences in spontaneous swimming speed and spatial distribution among experimental fish populations with different numbers of individuals in this study. The results showed that the spontaneous swimming speed of juvenile bighead carp was mostly in the range of 0-6 cm/s, and there was no significant difference in the average swimming speed among populations with of 1, 2, 4 and 8 individuals, indicating that the population size had no significant effect on the spontaneous swimming speed of juvenile bighead carp. The synchrony of all experimental groups were high and significantly decreased with the increase of population size (P<0.05). The nearest neighbor distance (NND) and mean neighbor distance between the focus fish and other experimental fish in the population were mostly distributed at 2-8 cm and 4-14 cm, respectively. The NND of the population with 2 individuals was significantly higher than the population with 4 and 8 individuals (P<0.05). The polarity of populations with 2 (83%) and 4 (88%) individuals were significantly higher than that with 8 individuals (68%, P<0.05). In conclusion, these findings indicate that juvenile bighead carp has obvious collective behaviors. On the one hand, the population size has little effect on the spontaneous swimming speed of juvenile bighead carp, and on the other hand, the population size has significant effect on its spatial distribution. In this study, the effects of population size on the cluster parameters of bighead carp are investigated, and the study is of practical significance for ecological breeding and fishery management of economic fish. |
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Barrage and damming obstruct the migration of fish． Fish have a natural upstream habit and will be induced to the mainstream andmigrate． In order to spawn，bait and migrate，fish cluster under the dam，thus generating the fish schooling effect． Fish schooling behavior isan important part of fish behavior research． Velocity，depth and turbulent energy are three important factors affecting fish schooling． In orderto study the response pattern of fish schooling effect on the hydraulic characteristics under the dam，it is urgent for us to establish thecorrelation between the distribution rule of fish schooling and the above -mentioned three hydraulic factors． In this paper，the three -dimensional turbulence model is used to simulate the watershed under the dam in operating conditions during observation． The accuracy of thenumerical simulation is validated by experiments． The distribution of the four major Chinese carps under the dam is observed by usingobservation instruments，and the relevance of schooling behavior and hydraulic characteristics are analysed． The results show that when theflow velocity is between 0．70～ 0．24 m/s，the number of fish body is positively correlated with velocity，and the optimum flow velocity rangeof the four fish groups is 0．060 ～ 0．12 m/s． When water depth is between 2．4 ～ 3．9 m，there is a positive linear relationship between thenumber of fish and water depth，and the lower limit of favorable depth of fish schooling is 2．8 m． When the turbulence energy is between 0～0．001 2 kg·m2 /s2，there is a significant positive linear correlation between the number of fish and the turbulent energy，while performing anegative correlation when the turbulent energy ranges from 0．001 5 to 0．004 0 kg·m2 /s2．And the optimum average turbulence energy of fishschooling is 0．000 50～ 0．001 2 kg · m2 /s2．
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