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Influence of High-Pressure Jet Grouting Pile Construction on Surrounding Foundation and Existing Lines
ZHAO Wen-hui, LIU Xing, ZHANG Ke, LI Zi-ao, LIU Jia-yu
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3) : 135-142.
PDF(1605 KB)
PDF(1605 KB)
Influence of High-Pressure Jet Grouting Pile Construction on Surrounding Foundation and Existing Lines
[Objective] In subgrade widening projects in loess areas, the soil squeezing effect induced by high-pressure jet grouting pile construction easily leads to soil displacement and settlement deformation of existing lines, seriously threatening the control accuracy of track geometry and operational safety. This study aims to clarify the influence mechanisms of single-pile and group-pile high-pressure jet grouting construction on existing lines in loess areas, and to quantify soil lateral displacement, line settlement, and heave deformation, thereby providing a reference for construction optimization and safety control of such projects. [Methods] Based on a foundation treatment project for an existing line widening section in a loess area, a combination of on-site real-time monitoring and theoretical analysis was adopted. The variations in soil lateral displacement under single-pile and group-pile high-pressure jet grouting construction were investigated, the settlement evolution of the existing line during different construction stages of high-pressure jet grouting was analyzed, and the effects of high-pressure jet grouting construction on the service condition of the existing line were examined. [Results] (1) The soil lateral displacement induced by high-pressure jet grouting pile construction exhibited a significant decreasing trend with increasing pile depth and showed a negative correlation with the distance from the pile center. Within the normalized radial distance range of 0-4d0 (where d0 was the pile diameter), the lateral displacement attenuated most rapidly; beyond this range, the attenuation trend became gradual. (2) The influence range of high-pressure jet grouting pile construction on the surrounding soil was determined to be approximately 11 times the pile radius, providing a clear basis for defining construction safety distances and monitoring layout ranges. (3) During pile group construction, the ground surface heave exhibited a “double-peak” distribution pattern. The heave amplitude was inversely proportional to the distance between the construction area and the existing subgrade, and the locations of the “double peaks” were related to the pile group construction sequence and pile layout. (4) The adoption of the alternate pile construction method effectively reduced the impact of the soil squeezing effect on the service condition of the existing line. [Conclusion] This study systematically elucidates the influence pattern of high-pressure jet grouting pile construction on existing lines in subgrade widening sections in loess areas, and quantifies the attenuation characteristics of soil lateral displacement, the construction influence range, and the “double-peak” distribution pattern of group-pile-induced heave. An engineering reference value of 11 times the pile radius for the influence range is proposed. The results provide important theoretical guidance, prediction methods, and process optimization recommendations for the design and construction of high-pressure jet grouting pile foundation treatment under similar engineering conditions, and have direct engineering application value for ensuring the operational safety and high track smoothness of existing lines.
high-pressure jet grouting pile / lateral displacement / vertical deformation / service condition / alternate pile construction / loess area
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研究目的：张吉怀铁路衔接呼南、渝长厦、沪昆等“八纵八横”大通道,通过衔接沪昆客运专线,能极大提高运输能力和服务质量,提升路网的整体效能,是一条重要的区域连接线。张吉怀铁路以正线引入怀邵衡场,联络线引入沪昆场。引入怀化南站沪昆场方案非常复杂,是关乎全局的关键问题。本文对张吉怀铁路引入沪昆场方案(简单接入方案、破无砟轨道方案、增加一条到发线方案)及对沪昆高铁既有路基影响进行研究,为最终方案的确定提供依据。研究结论:(1)简单接入方案可行,但运营能力不足;破无砟轨道方案技术复杂,存在非常高的施工以及运营风险;增加一条到发线方案技术可行,风险可控;(2)帮宽路基地基处理采用桩板结构或CFG桩方案存在较高的施工风险,施工过程中可能对既有路基产生危害;旋喷桩方案技术成熟,施工简单,建议采用旋喷桩加注浆加固方案;(3)数值模拟计算结果表明,帮宽路基造成既有线的位移很小,不会危及既有线的安全;帮宽路基本身工后沉降满足规范要求;(4)通过构建既有沪昆高铁路基帮宽总体风险评估指标体系,对沪昆下行联络线帮宽路基进行了风险评估,结果表明帮宽路基工点属高度风险;(5)本研究结果可为今后新建铁路引入既有高铁站方案的确定提供借鉴。
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<b>Research purposes:</b> Zhangjiajie-Jishou-Huaihua railway connects Hohhot-Nanning, Chongqing-Changsha-Xiamen, Shanghai-Kunming and other "eight vertical and eight horizontal" channels. By connecting the Shanghai-Kunming high-speed railway, it could greatly improve transportation capacity and service quality, and improve the overall efficiency of the road network. Zhangjiajie-Jishou-Huaihua railway was introduced into Huaihua-Shaoyang-Hengyang yard on the main line, and introduced into Shanghai-Kunming yard using the connecting line. The plan of introducing into Shanghai-Kunming yard of Huaihua South station was complicated and difficult. This paper studied the plan of introducing Zhangjiajie-Jishou-Huaihua railway into Huaihua South station and its impact on the existing subgrade of Shanghai-Kunming high-speed railway, providing a basis for the final plan.<br><b>Research conclusions:</b> (1) The simple access scheme was feasible, but the operation capacity was insufficient; the ballastless track breaking scheme was technically complex, and there were very high construction and operation risks; adding one arrival-departure track was technically feasible and the risk was controllable. (2) Pile-plate structure or CFG piles had a high construction risk, and the construction process might cause harm to the existing subgrade; the jet-grouting pile had mature technology and simple construction. It was recommended to use jet-grouted piles and grouting reinforcement scheme. (3) Numerical simulation results showed that the displacement of the existing line caused by the widening subgrade was very small and would not endanger the safety of the existing line; the post-construction settlement of the widening subgrade met the requirements of the specification. (4) The risk assessment of the Shanghai-Kunming downstream connecting line subgrade widening was carried out, and the results showed that the widening subgrade construction site was of high risk. (5) The research results could provide a reference for the future new railways introducing into the existing high-speed railway stations.
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研究目的:在我国西北湿陷性黄土地区分布着广泛的铁路既有线,其中路基沉降问题严重困扰着线路的运营安全,已成为铁路既有线路基普遍而严重的问题之一。在当前既有线铁路不断提速和扩建的形式下,快速有效地治理黄土地区路基沉降问题以保证列车安全平稳的运行有着十分重大的意义。斜向高压旋喷技术因其具有机械操作简单、施工速度快、无需中断行车的优势,目前广泛应运于既有线铁路路基的加固,应用前景看好,但其相关的理论研究比较少。本文依据宝(鸡)中(卫)K 329～K 331段地基补强项目,设计不同角度的斜向旋喷桩复合地基模型试验,并借助FLAC<sup>3D</sup>对模型试验结论进行验证。研究结论:(1)不同角度的斜向旋喷桩复合地基承载力明显高于天然地基;(2)30°～90°范围斜向旋喷桩复合地基承载力为中间低两边高;(3)模型试验和数值模拟得出的复合地基承载力特征值相差不大;(4)桩体的角度越大,轴向压力最大值越大,角度越小,轴向拉力最大值越大;(5)综合模型试验和数值模拟数据初步提出了斜向旋喷桩复合地基承载力公式;(6)当旋喷桩角度较小时,建议以抗拉强度来控制桩体的强度;(7)本研究成果主要应用于铁路既有线路基病害整治工程。
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<b>Research purposes:</b> In the collapsible loess area of Northwest China, the existing railway lines are widely distributed. The problem of subgrade settlement seriously puzzles the safety of line operation, which has become one of the most serious problems of the existing railway lines. Under the current situation of increasing speed and expansion of existing railway lines, it is of great significance to quickly and effectively control the subgrade settlement in loess areas to ensure the safe and stable operation of trains. The oblique high pressure jet grouting technology has the advantages of simple mechanical operation, fast construction speed and no need to interrupt operation. At present, the technology has widely applied for existing railway subgrade reinforcement, and the prospect of application is good, but the relevant theoretical research is still less. This paper is based on the subgrade reinforcement project of K329～K331 section of Baoji-Zhongwei railway, the model test of oblique jet grouting pile composite foundation with different angles is designed, and the model test results are verified by FLAC<sup>3D</sup>.<br><b>Research conclusions:</b> (1) The bearing capacity of the oblique jet grouting pile composite foundation at different angles is obviously higher than that of the natural foundation;(2) The bearing capacity of the oblique jet grouting pile composite foundation in the 30 to 90 degree range is low in the middle and high in both sides; (3) Model tests and numerical simulations show that the characteristic values of the bearing capacity of composite foundations has little difference;(4) The larger the angle of the pile, the greater the axial pressure, the smaller the angle, the greater the maximum axial tension;(5) By comprehensive model test and numerical simulation, the formula of the bearing capacity of the oblique jet grouting pile composite foundation is preliminarily proposed;(6)When the jet grouting pile angle is small, it is suggested to control the strength of the pile with tensile strength; (7) The research result is mainly applied to the railway base line disease treatment works.
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The plug-in steel cylinder was widely used for man-made island construction as the bulkhead wall in nearshore soft soil area. In order to maintain the dry working condition inside the bulkhead wall, the high-pressure rotary jet formed sealing curtain should be built up under the steel cylinder and the connecter between steel cylinders. During the dewatering process inside of the bulkhead wall, a water pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the bulkhead acts on the steel cylinders. This water pressure difference threatens the stability of steel cylinders, even leads to the crash of the steel cylinders when the steel cylinder was installed on the high-permeability soil layers. This paper analyzes the seepage field and the displacements of the cylinder during the dewatering process according to data from an engineering case, and highlights the effect of high-pressure rotary jet formed sealing curtain on maintaining the stability of cylinder.
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为解决传统桩基施工过程中存在的环境污染、挤土效应、效率低及能耗高等突出问题,以某高架桩基工程为例,基于免共振液压振动锤系统沉桩施工工艺,通过原位沉桩试验测试、现场振动测试,研究钢管桩沉桩过程中桩周土体、地铁运行期间桥墩变形特征及其振动变化规律。研究结果表明:钢管桩沉桩过程中桩周土体水平位移集中分布在近地表0~2/3L(L表示桩长)范围内,地表以下0~1/4L范围水平位移较大,土体水平和竖向位移最大值分别为2.37 mm和3.13 mm,桥墩倾斜0.4‰~0.7‰,分析发现沉桩过程中挤土效应不明显;现场振动测试结果显示,当无地铁经过时桥墩振动速度最大峰值为0.823 mm/s,有地铁经过时为1.90 mm/s,充分表明沉桩过程对周边环境影响程度弱;实现了对环境“低影响”的效果,为沉桩施工新技术的研发提供理论和实践指导。
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The construction of traditional pile foundation is featured by environmental pollution, soil squeezing effect, low efficiency and high energy consumption. In an attempt to tackle these problems, the deformation characteristics and vibration of pile's surrounding soil during pile sinking and those of a high-rise bridge pier during adjacent subway running were investigated via in-situ pile sinking test and field vibration test. The resonance-free hydraulic vibratory hammer system was adopted for pile sinking test. Results demonstrated that the horizontal displacement of soil around the pile during pile sinking concentrated in the range of 0-2/3<i>L</i>(<i>L</i> represents pile length) near the ground surface, and in particular, the horizontal displacement in the range of 0-1/4<i>L </i>below the surface was very large. The maximum horizontal and vertical displacement of surrounding soil was 2.37 mm and 3.13 mm, respectively, and the inclination of the pier was 0.4‰-0.7‰. The soil squeezing effect was not obvious during the pile sinking. Field vibration test results showed that the maximum peak velocity was 0.823 mm/s in the absence of subway running, while in the presence of subway running, the peak velocity was 1.90 mm/s, which indicates that the impact on the surrounding environment is weak during pile sinking.
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旋喷法作为一种有效的地基加固方法,被应用到基坑、隧道、路基施工等多种工程领域。旋喷桩施工时,高达数十兆帕的注浆压力以及不断注入的水泥浆会对周围土体产生扰动,引起土体变形,危害周边既有结构物的安全。在宁波软土地基上进行了连续旋喷施工试验,研究了连续旋喷施工引起的周围土体的地表变形。采用了全自动全站仪对施工过程中的周边土体进行实时监测。监测结果表明,地表最大水平位移为180.31 mm,地表隆起为179.54 mm。累计地表最大垂直位移与水平位移均随与相邻旋喷桩的距离的增加而减小。在相同距离下,越靠近施工区域中心线,位移越大。基于监测结果,提出了一些减小旋喷桩施工对周边土体影响的方法。
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As an effective method of foundation reinforcement, the jet grouting method is applied to various engineering fields such as foundation pit, tunnel, subgrade construction and so on. During the construction of jet grouting piles, the grouting pressure is large and the continuous injection of cement slurry will disturb the surrounding soil, causing soil deformation and endangering the safety of existing structures. Continuous jet grouting construction tests were carried out on soft soil foundation in Ningbo City, China, and the surface deformation of surrounding soil caused by continuous jet grouting construction was studied. An automatic total station is used to monitor the deformation of surrounding soil during the construction. The monitoring results show that the maximum lateral displacement of the ground surface is 180.31 mm, and the surface heave is 179.54 mm. The cumulative maximum vertical displacement and lateral displacement of the ground surface both decrease with the increase of the distance from the adjacent jet grouting pile. Under the same distance, the closer to the center line of the construction area, the greater the displacement. The completed jet-grouting piles can reduce the disturbance caused by subsequent construction of jet-grouting piles. Based on the monitoring results, some methods to reduce the impact of jet grouting construction are proposed.
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In this paper, a simple expression to predict the average diameter of columns created with single, double and triple fluid jet grouting is proposed considering both the energy of the eroding jet and the resistance of the soil. The injection system (single, double or triple) and the composition of the injected fluids are taken into account on the basis of theoretical analysis of the turbulent diffusion of submerged jets. Instead of separately considering the energy of the air jet shrouding the eroding fluid, a simple parameter is introduced which represents the beneficial effect of air in reducing the energetic dissipation on the jet external surface. In this way, a new expression of the specific kinetic energy of the jet at any distance from the nozzle is proposed, which is a relevant step forward if compared with that at the nozzle or at the pump previously proposed, as it takes into account both the system characteristics and the composition of the eroding jet (either grout or water). In the expression proposed to predict the diameter of jet grouting columns, soil resistance is considered by way of the results of the standard penetration test and cone penetration test, in terms of NSPT and qc respectively. The expression has been calibrated on a number of experimental data, and in most cases proved its efficiency in predicting columns' diameter with a scatter of less than ±20%. The field trials results highlight that jet grouting is more effective in coarse-grained soils, as clearly shown by an efficiency parameter proposed by the authors. Design charts are drawn to quickly estimate the average diameter Da for different soils, injection systems and input energies.
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武孝天, 李洪涛, 徐永福. 双向搅拌桩施工对桩周土体扰动分析[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2020, 37(5):127-132.
为探究双向搅拌桩施工时桩周超孔隙水压力和有效应力的分布和变化规律,依托江苏某高速公路软基处理工程,通过在不同位置布置传感器,测得单桩和群桩施工时桩周孔隙水压力和土压力的变化。结果表明:在施工过程中桩周土体孔隙水压力和土压力变化剧烈,靠近桩的位置产生了很高的超静孔隙水压力,孔压在桩周土的固结作用下消散规律表现为先快后慢;背离施工方向孔压累积值小于沿着施工方向的累积值,遮拦效应阻挡了约60%的超孔隙水压力,工程中可利用该现象减小施工对土体的扰动;单桩施工时桩周超孔压的分布与半径比的对数呈线性关系,分布规律与Vesic圆孔扩张理论解答的趋势相同,扰动影响范围约为20倍桩半径;施工过程中孔隙水压力小于土压力,桩体不会出现下沉和孔周土体液化等灾变,基于该原理可以通过改良设备和施工方法避免掉桩等灾变的发生。研究结果可为软土加固工程的施工安全提供参考。
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With the soft foundation treatment project of a highway in Jiangsu Province as engineering background, we explored the distribution and variation law of excess pore water pressure during the construction of bidirectional mixing columns, and analyzed the effective stress of the surrounding soil during hole expansion, and then determined whether hazards would occur during the soft foundation reinforcement process. We obtained the variation of pore water pressure and earth pressure during construction of group piles by arranging sensors at different locations and different depths. Results showed that during the construction process, the pore water pressure and earth pressure of soil around the pile changed drastically, and in particular, high excess pore water pressure was found in the adjacent of the pile position. Under the consolidation of surrounding soil, pore water pressure dissipated rapidly at first and then slowed down. The pore pressure accumulation away from the construction direction was smaller than that along the construction direction, hence impeding about 60% of the excess pore water pressure. In single pile construction, pore pressure had a significant linear relationship with the logarithm of radius ratio. Such distribution was identical to the solution of Vesic’s cavity expansion theory.The disturbance range was about 20 times of pile’s radius. In the meantime, we found that during the construction, pore water pressure was smaller than earth pressure, thus refraining from pile subsidence and soil liquefaction. On this basis, methods of modifying equipment or construction process can be adopted to avoid the subsidence of pile.
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