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Influence of Seepage Control Measures During Deep-Burial Tunnel Construction on External Water Pressure on Tunnel Lining
LI Ming-wei, LI Yu-feng, CUI Hao-dong, LI Shao-long, SUN Yun
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1) : 202-209.
PDF(7781 KB)
PDF(7781 KB)
Influence of Seepage Control Measures During Deep-Burial Tunnel Construction on External Water Pressure on Tunnel Lining
[Objective] The Xianglushan Tunnel is a challenging and key control project of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project. Branch Tunnel No.7 of the Xianglushan Tunnel, located in Songgui Town, Heqing County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, generally lies at a depth of 600-1 300 m, with a maximum burial depth of 1 415 m. High external water pressure is regarded as a major threat to its safety. Existing studies on tunnel external water pressure have mostly assumed homogeneous strata, paying relatively little attention to geological structures. The influence of geological structures—particularly the presence of aquitard layers above the tunnel—remains to be investigated in depth.[Methods] A typical deep-burial section of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project was investigated through field observations and numerical simulation to study the external water pressure acting on the tunnel lining. The effects of geological structures and seepage control measures on the external water pressure were analyzed to provide a reference for the design and construction of deep-burial tunnels.[Results] During in-situ drilling, groundwater in the tunnel was identified as fissure groundwater. Obvious water inflow occurred if a borehole intersected water-conducting fissures; otherwise, the boreholes remained essentially dry. Monitoring data from five piezometers installed in the tunnel over nearly one year indicated that the external water pressure around the unlined tunnel during construction was relatively low, only several meters of water head. Numerical simulation of the seepage field revealed that higher rock permeability and shorter distance between the tunnel and water-conducting structures increased both external water pressure and seepage discharge. Impermeable linings, while blocking water, caused an increase in external water pressure. Drainage holes, while reducing external water pressure, resulted in an increase in tunnel seepage discharge. Under specific geological structures and seepage control measures, tunnel excavation and drainage may only cause local groundwater drawdown around the tunnel, without affecting the regional phreatic surface.[Conclusion] In the model of this study, an aquitard layer with relatively low permeability exists above the tunnel, which limits the influence range of tunnel drainage. As a result, drainage only forms a localized desaturation zone between the tunnel and the aquitard, exerting minimal effect on groundwater above the aquitard. This localized desaturation explains the phenomenon observed in tunnel projects in water-rich areas, where the regional phreatic surface is high while the external water pressure acting on the tunnel remains relatively low. Near the tunnel face, equipotential lines are densely spaced, and the hydraulic gradient is relatively large, whereas a smaller gradient prevails behind the face. This indicates that greater seepage pressure is imposed near the tunnel face, explaining why seepage-induced failures frequently occur in this area.
deep-burial tunnel / tunnel seepage control measures / aquitard lining / external water pressure / numerical simulation / Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project
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滇中引水工程地质构造背景与地震地质条件极为复杂。香炉山隧洞全长62.60 km,最大埋深1 450 m,穿越滇西北横断山脉及金沙江与澜沧江两大流域分水岭,跨越多条区域性深大断裂,是滇中引水工程中单洞最长、埋深最大隧洞,也是目前国内在建水利工程中施工难度最大、地质条件最为复杂的大深埋超长隧洞。结合香炉山隧洞复杂地质条件、存在的主要工程地质问题,以及可能产生的地下水环境影响风险,系统地总结了香炉山隧洞勘察研究过程中采用的基于3S技术的地质遥感解译、大地电磁测深、千米级深孔勘探测试、复杂岩溶区大埋深超长隧洞选线、地下水三维渗流场数值模拟等勘察关键技术和研究方法,创新性地研发了千米级深孔地应力测试技术、深部岩体水文地质参数测试技术以及适用于复杂地质条件下大埋深隧洞的超前地质预报关键技术;形成了一套较为系统、全面的大埋深超长隧洞勘察关键技术研究方法,为类似工程勘察研究工作提供了重要参考及借鉴。
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The Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project features extremely complex geological structure background and seismic geological conditions. With a total length of 62.60 km and a maximum buried depth of 1 450 m, Xianglushan tunnel crosses the Hengduan Mountains in northwest Yunnan, the watershed of Jinsha River and Lancang River, and several regional deep faults. It is the longest single tunnel with the largest buried depth in the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project and is also the most difficult to construct large, deep and super long tunnel with the most complex geological condition in water conservancy projects under construction in China. In view of the major engineering geological problems and the potential risks of groundwater environmental impact, we systematically summarize the key survey technologies including 3S-based geological remote sensing interpretation, magnetotelluric sounding, kilometer-level deep hole exploration and testing, route selection of large deep-buried and super long tunnels in complex karst areas, and numerical simulation of three-dimensional seepage field of groundwater. We also developed some key technologies of advanced geological prediction applicable for large, deep-buried, and long tunnels in complex geological conditions, kilometer-level deep hole geostress testing technology, as well as deep rock hydrogeological parameter testing technology. Such technologies form a whole set of systematic and comprehensive research methods for investigating large buried and super long tunnels.
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香炉山深埋长隧洞是滇中引水工程总工期控制性工程,隧洞总长62.596 km,最大埋深1 450 m,具有线路长、埋深大、勘察研究范围广、地质构造背景与岩溶水文地质条件复杂、地下水环境影响敏感等工程特点。勘察期通过大范围线路比选和综合勘察测试研究,逐步选定了隧洞线路并基本查明其工程地质与水文地质条件,对隧洞高地震烈度区抗震与穿越活动性断裂抗断问题、涌突水(泥)与地下水环境影响问题、高地应力与硬岩岩爆及软岩大变形问题、高外水压力问题及穿越煤层、膨胀土特殊岩土工程地质问题等进行了深入分析,为隧洞工程设计、施工提供了可靠的技术支撑,为类似深埋长隧洞的相关研究提供参考。
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Xianglushan deep-buried long tunnel is a control project for the total construction period of the water diversion project in central Yunnan Province. With a total length of 62.596 km and maximum buried depth of 1 450 m, the tunnel is featured with large survey scope, complex geotectonic background and complicated karst hydrogeological conditions as well as sensitive groundwater environment. In survey period, the tunnel line was selected and its engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions and major engineering geological problems were basically ascertained. In this paper, we probe into such problems including the seismic resistance in high earthquake-intensity area and shear resistance of structures passing through active fractures, the environmental impacts of water inrush and mud intrusion, the high geostress, hard rock burst, large deformation of soft rock, high external water pressure, and the special geotechnical engineering problems of coal stratum and expansive soils. The research result offers a technical support for the design and construction of tunnel and a reference for researches on similar deep-buried long tunnels.
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李建贺, 牛利敏, 王帅, 等. 深埋隧洞穿高压富水断层涌水突泥分析与处置技术[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2024, 41(10): 149-156.
针对隧洞穿越高压富水断层涌水突泥破坏性强、可灌性差的难题,以滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞过大栗树断裂次级断层涌水突泥灾害治理为例,通过分析隧洞涌水突泥洞段的地质特征、灾害过程与成因,提出了超前钻探、超前灌浆、超前泄压、超前支护组合处置对策。针对隧洞下半断面围岩碎粉含量高、阻止浆液扩散导致注浆效果不佳的问题,提出了置换式注浆加固技术,即注浆孔分A孔、B孔,通过A孔注浆,B孔泄压并冲出岩粉的方式进行注浆,以利于岩粉排出和浆液扩散,成功解决了香炉山隧洞DLI3+681.5涌水突泥灾害治理技术难题。研究成果对类似地质条件下隧洞涌水突泥灾害治理提供参考。
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韩钢, 黄书岭, 丁秀丽, 等. 香炉山隧洞5#支洞应急抢险段围岩参数反演及稳定性分析[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2022, 39(12):56-61,67.
在建的滇中引水工程香炉山隧洞5#支洞穿越活动断裂带,地质条件极为复杂,施工过程中发生过严重的涌水突泥灾害,围岩稳定问题极为突出,严重制约施工进度和工程安全。为深入系统地研究5#支洞应急抢险洞段合理的围岩力学参数及隧洞稳定性情况,充分利用现场监测及物探资料,采用基于神经网络和遗传算法的位移反演方法确定了应急抢险洞段围岩的力学参数;并在此基础上,模拟施工开挖支护全过程,进行了围岩稳定性分析。结果表明:在当前开挖支护条件下,5#支洞应急抢险洞段整体处于稳定状态,除桩号K0+501—513洞段右边墙围岩变形量较大外,其余部位围岩变形量整体<15 cm;塑性区深度在2~5 m范围内;支护结构受力整体处于正常水平。相关研究结果对于5#支洞后续洞段或相近条件隧洞安全快速施工具有指导意义。
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The 5# adit of Xianglushan tunnel under construction of Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project features complex geological conditions as it crosses active fault zones. Severe water-mud bursting disasters and prominent stability problems of surrounding rock hinder the construction progress and project safety. According to field monitoring and geophysical exploration data, we determined the mechanical parameters of surrounding rock at emergency rescue section by using inversion analysis based on neural network and genetic algorithm; on this basis, we simulated the whole process of construction, excavation, and support, and analysed the surrounding rock stability. Results manifested that the surrounding rock mass of emergency rescue tunnel section of adit 5# was in an overall stable state. Except that the deformation of surrounding rock on the right side of the tunnel section K0+501-513 was relatively large, the deformation of other parts was less than 15 cm in general; the depth of plastic zones was within the range of 2-5 m; and the stress of support structures was at a normal level. The research findings would guide the safe and rapid construction of subsequent tunnel sections of 5# adit or tunnels with similar geological conditions.
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