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Fish Diversity Patterns in Rivers Receiving Ecological Water Supplement Driven by Riparian Land Use
LIU Han, LI Lu-dan, GUO Wei-jie, QIAO Qiang-long, GONG Dan-dan, DU Qi, LI Hang, ZHAO Wei-hua
Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (8) : 198-207.
PDF(14590 KB)
PDF(14590 KB)
Fish Diversity Patterns in Rivers Receiving Ecological Water Supplement Driven by Riparian Land Use
[Objectives] This study aims to: (1) elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of fish communities and multi-dimensional diversity (species, functional, taxonomic) in ecological water supplement rivers of North China; and (2) determine the mechanistic effects of riparian land use across varying buffer sizes (0.5 km, 1 km, 2 km, 5 km) on these diversity patterns. The research focused on two major water-supplemented systems—the Ziya River Basin and Baiyangdian Lake Basin—during the ecological water supplement period from 2020 to 2022. [Methods] Field surveys were conducted annually during the water supplement period. Fishes were collected using standardized multi-mesh gillnets and traps, identified to species level, and quantified for abundance and biomass. Species functional traits (feeding, locomotion, predator avoidance, trophic level, reproduction) were compiled following Villéger et al., primarily sourced from FishBase and literature. Taxonomic diversity metrics were calculated based on Linnaean hierarchies (species to class). Riparian land use types (built area, wetland, trees, crop, water, bare ground, and rangeland) within four buffer zones (0.5 km, 1 km, 2 km, 5 km) were extracted from ESRI’s global 10-m resolution land cover data. Statistical analyses included: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) to test interannual differences; Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) to visualize community structure; Pearson correlation analysis to examine relationships among diversity indices; and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models to quantify the driving effects of riparian land use on fish diversity. [Results] A total of 2,720 fish individuals, belonging to 40 species, 12 families across 6 orders, were recorded during the three-year field survey. Species richness (26 species in 2020, 27 in 2021, 26 in 2022; ANOVA, p>0.05) and diversity indices (Shannon, Margalef, Pielou) showed no significant interannual changes. However, significant shifts in species composition were observed: rheophilic, clean-water indicator species (e.g., Opsariichthys bidens, Zacco platypus) increased in relative abundance from 7.3% (2020) to 12.6% (2022), while pollution-tolerant generalists (e.g., Carassius auratus) remained dominant but declined from 22.38% to 17.14%. NMDS and PERMANOVA confirmed no significant interannual differences in overall community structure. Multi-dimensional diversity indices (functional:FRic,FDiv,FDis,FEve;taxonomic: Delta, Delta*, Delta+, Lambda+) also exhibited no significant temporal trends. Pearson correlations revealed strong positive relationships among species diversity indices (e.g., Richness vs. Shannon: r=0.91) and showed that functional dispersion (FDis) was significantly positively correlated with all diversity dimensions (r=0.32-0.64). Built area exerted significant negative effects on most diversity indices. Wetland, rangeland, and water positively correlated with diversity. Buffer size significantly influenced explanatory rate: Riparian land use explained 7.3% to 28.3% of the variation in diversity indices. Effects were strongest on functional and species diversity within smaller buffers (0.5-1 km; e.g., 28.3% explanation for Shannon within 0.5 km buffer), >2 km buffers, cropland and bare ground significantly reduced functional diversity (FRic and FDiv; p<0.05), while larger buffers (5 km) showed higher explanatory power for taxonomic diversity metrics (11.9% explanation for Delta). Functional dispersion (FDis) and taxonomic diversity (Delta) correlating significantly with all diversity dimensions (r=0.36-0.90; p<0.05) and outperforming species richness in detecting environmental responses. [Conclusions] Although overall diversity metrics showed no significant changes, the increase in sensitive rheophilic fish species indicates improved water quality following ecological water supplementation. Riparian land use, particularly built area expansion, significantly reduced multi-dimensional fish diversity, whereas wetlands, rangeland, and water enhanced it. Land use impacts exhibited scale dependence: near-shore buffers (0.5-1 km) dominated functional and species diversity changes, while larger-scale land use (5 km) primarily influenced taxonomic diversity. This underscores the need for scale-targeted management measures. Furthermore, functional dispersion (FDis) and taxonomic diversity (Delta) proved more sensitive indicators of community changes than species richness alone, recommending their integration into future monitoring frameworks. These findings provide a scientific basis for prioritizing conservation targets and formulating management strategies in water-supplemented river restoration.
riparian land use / fish community / multi-dimensional diversity / spatiotemporal patterns / ecological water supplement
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Functional diversity is increasingly identified as an important driver of ecosystem functioning. Various indices have been proposed to measure the functional diversity of a community, but there is still no consensus on which are most suitable. Indeed, none of the existing indices meets all the criteria required for general use. The main criteria are that they must be designed to deal with several traits, take into account abundances, and measure all the facets of functional diversity. Here we propose three indices to quantify each facet of functional diversity for a community with species distributed in a multidimensional functional space: functional richness (volume of the functional space occupied by the community), functional evenness (regularity of the distribution of abundance in this volume), and functional divergence (divergence in the distribution of abundance in this volume). Functional richness is estimated using the existing convex hull volume index. The new functional evenness index is based on the minimum spanning tree which links all the species in the multidimensional functional space. Then this new index quantifies the regularity with which species abundances are distributed along the spanning tree. Functional divergence is measured using a novel index which quantifies how species diverge in their distances (weighted by their abundance) from the center of gravity in the functional space. We show that none of the indices meets all the criteria required for a functional diversity index, but instead we show that the set of three complementary indices meets these criteria. Through simulations of artificial data sets, we demonstrate that functional divergence and functional evenness are independent of species richness and that the three functional diversity indices are independent of each other. Overall, our study suggests that decomposition of functional diversity into its three primary components provides a meaningful framework for its quantification and for the classification of existing functional diversity indices. This decomposition has the potential to shed light on the role of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and on the influence of biotic and abiotic filters on the structure of species communities. Finally, we propose a general framework for applying these three functional diversity indices.
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A new framework for measuring functional diversity (FD) from multiple traits has recently been proposed. This framework was mostly limited to quantitative traits without missing values and to situations in which there are more species than traits, although the authors had suggested a way to extend their framework to other trait types. The main purpose of this note is to further develop this suggestion. We describe a highly flexible distance-based framework to measure different facets of FD in multidimensional trait space from any distance or dissimilarity measure, any number of traits, and from different trait types (i.e., quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative). This new approach allows for missing trait values and the weighting of individual traits. We also present a new multidimensional FD index, called functional dispersion (FDis), which is closely related to Rao's quadratic entropy. FDis is the multivariate analogue of the weighted mean absolute deviation (MAD), in which the weights are species relative abundances. For unweighted presence-absence data, FDis can be used for a formal statistical test of differences in FD. We provide the "FD" R language package to easily implement our distance-based FD framework.
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The concept of functional redundancy is at the core of theory relating changes in ecosystem functioning to species loss. However, few empirical studies have investigated the strength and form of the relationship between species and functional diversity (i.e., the presence of functional redundancy in ecological communities) in this context. In particular, we know little about how local extinctions in real communities might impact functional diversity. Here, we examined the relationship between species and functional diversity in plant communities along a grazing gradient across Mongolian rangeland ecosystems. We applied a recently described measure of functional diversity that incorporates species' dissimilarities defined from plant functional traits and tested several hypothesized forms of the relationship between species and functional diversity using linear and nonlinear modeling techniques. We found a significant sigmoid logistic relationship between species richness and functional diversity in relatively benign environmental conditions. This indicates high functional redundancy at low levels of species richness followed by a rapid increase at intermediate levels, until functional diversity reaches an asymptote at high levels (i.e., two-phase functional redundancy). In contrast, we generally observed a positive linear relationship between these parameters in relatively harsh environmental conditions, indicating low functional redundancy. Observed functional redundancy probably resulted from two factors, intrinsic redundancy in species' functional traits and extrinsic redundancy caused by nonrandom compositional change that is nonrandom with respect to functional traits. Lack of either intrinsic or extrinsic redundancy may result in low functional redundancy. Two-phase functional redundancy suggests that functional traits are abruptly lost from a community below a certain level of species richness, and a community then shifts into a contrasting state that has a few limited functional groups characterized by disturbance-resistant traits, as a consequence of disturbances such as livestock grazing. This study represents a major step forward in predicting the consequences of livestock grazing on the functioning of Mongolian rangeland ecosystems.
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