东部七省市作为我国碳排放的主要来源地区,分析其碳排放的时空演变可为制定和实施碳减排策略提供重要的科学依据。本文分析了2012—2021年东部七省市碳排放的时空演变,并计算人均碳排放强度和单位GDP碳排放强度;在此基础上,构建了基于“类NPP-VIIRS”夜间灯光数据的碳排放与夜间灯光拟合模型,用于东部七省市碳排放的监测和评估。研究结果表明:①东部七省市的碳排放总体呈上升趋势,各省市碳排放总量占比基本保持稳定,其中江西省的碳排放增速最快。②碳排放总量呈现“北部>南部”的格局,山东省和江苏省的碳排放总量占比超过50%。③人均碳排放强度在南部地区呈上升趋势,在中部地区呈下降趋势,而北部地区基本保持稳定。单位GDP碳排放强度呈稳步下降趋势,尤其在上海市和浙江省降幅显著。④所构建的拟合模型的平均相关系数为0.841 2,且平均相对误差呈递减趋势,表明基于夜间灯光数据可以有效实现碳排放监测和评估。本文对东部七省市实现产业转型升级与可持续发展具有重要意义。

As the main source region of carbon emissions in China, the analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of carbon emissions in seven eastern provinces and cities is an important scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of carbon emission reduction strategies. This study aims to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of carbon emissions in seven eastern provinces and cities from 2012 to 2021, and calculates the per capita carbon emission intensity and carbon emission intensity per unit of GDP. On this basis, a carbon emission and nighttime light fitting model based on “NPP-VIIRS-like” nighttime light data is constructed for carbon emission monitoring and evaluation in seven eastern provinces and cities. The results of the study show that:①Carbon emissions in seven eastern provinces and cities are generally on the rise, and the proportion of total carbon emissions in each province and city remains stable, with the fastest growth rate of carbon emissions in Jiangxi province.②The total carbon emissions show a pattern of “north>south”, with Shandong province and Jiangsu Province accounting for more than 50% of the total carbon emissions. ③The per capita carbon emission intensity shows an increasing trend in the southern region and a decreasing trend in the central region, while the northern region basically remains stable. The carbon emission intensity per unit of GDP shows a steady decreasing trend, especially in Shanghai and Zhejiang province, where the decrease is significant. ④The average correlation coefficient of the fitted model is 0.841 2, and the average relative error is decreasing, which indicate that carbon emission monitoring and evaluation can be effectively achieved based on nighttime lighting data. This study is of great significance to achieve industrial transformation and upgrading and sustainable development in seven eastern provinces and cities.

本文探讨了2001-2018年古尔班通古特沙漠植被NPP时空格局,基于改进的CASA模型,采用空间分析、相关性分析及地理探测器模型等方法,揭示了研究区NPP气候驱动因子及其影响。结果表明:①古尔班通古特沙漠近18年植被NPP变化总体呈现波动增加趋势,增速为0.56 gC· a^-1,NPP均值为46.90 gC· m^-2· a^-1;②2001-2018年,年均NPP整体呈西低东高、北低南高的空间分布格局,但从动态上而言,基本呈现沙漠腹地较稳定、四周较活跃的格局;③古尔班通古特沙漠植被NPP主要受降水因子的影响,与降水、气温因子均呈正相关关系,从各因子驱动力分析而言,降水因子(0.614 4)为限制荒漠植被生长的主导因素。

Based on the improved CASA model,this paper uses methods containing spatial analysis,correlation analysis,and geographical detector model to explore the spatiotemporal pattern of the vegetation net primary production (NPP) in the Gurbantunggut desert from 2001 to 2018,and reveals the climate forcing factors of NPP and their impacts in the study area.The results of this paper show that:①In the past 18 years,the change of vegetation NPP in the Gurbantunggut desert showes a fluctuating increasing trend,with the growth rate of 0.56 gC· a^-1,and the average NPP is 46.90 gC· m^-2· a^-1.②From 2001 to 2018,the average annual NPP showes a spatial distribution pattern of increasing from northwest to southeast,and it is stable in the hinterland of the desert and more active around.③NPP in the Gurbantunggut desert is mainly affected by precipitation and is positively correlated with precipitation and temperature.In terms of the forcing analysis of each factor,precipitation (0.614 4) is the dominant factor restricting the growth of desert vegetation.

Soil stores a large amount of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon (C) and plays an important role in maintaining global C balance. However, very few studies have addressed the regional patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and the main factors influencing its changes in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems, especially using field measured data. In this study, we collected information on SOC storage in main types of ecosystems (including forest, grassland, cropland, and wetland) across 18 regions in China during the 1980s (from the Second National Soil Survey of China, SNSSC) and the 2010s (from studies published between 2004 and 2014), and evaluated its changing trends during these 30 years. The SOC storage (0-100 cm) in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems was 83.46 ± 11.89 Pg C in the 1980s and 86.50 ± 8.71 Pg C in the 2010s, and the net increase over the 30 years was 3.04 ± 1.65 Pg C, with an overall rate of 0.101 ± 0.055 Pg C yr^-1. This increase was mainly observed in the topsoil (0-20 cm). Forests, grasslands, and croplands SOC storage increased 2.52 ± 0.77, 0.40 ± 0.78, and 0.07 ± 0.31 Pg C, respectively, which can be attributed to the several ecological restoration projects and agricultural practices implemented. On the other hand, SOC storage in wetlands declined 0.76 ± 0.29 Pg C, most likely because of the decrease of wetland area and SOC density. Combining these results with those of vegetation C sink (0.100 Pg C yr^-1), the net C sink in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems was about 0.201 ± 0.061 Pg C yr^-1, which can offset 14.85%-27.79% of the fossil fuel C emissions from the 1980s to the 2010s. These first estimates of soil C sink based on field measured data supported the premise that China’s terrestrial ecosystems have a large C sequestration potential, and further emphasized the importance of forest protection and reforestation to increase SOC storage capacity.

Land use change not only directly influences carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems but can also cause energy-related carbon emissions. This study examined spatiotemporal land use change across Jiangsu Province, China; calculated vegetation carbon storage loss caused by land use change and energy-related carbon emissions; analysed the relationship among land use change, carbon emissions and social-economic development; and optimized land use structure to maximize carbon storage. Our study found that 13.61% of the province's land area underwent a change in type of land use between 1995 and 2010, mainly presented as built-up land expansion and cropland shrinkage, especially in southern Jiangsu. Land use change caused a 353.99 x 10(4) t loss of vegetation carbon storage loss. Energy-related carbon emissions increased 2.5 times from 1995 to 2013; the energy consumption structure has been improved to some extent while still relying on coal. The selected social-economic driving forces have strong relationships with carbon emissions and land use changes, while there are also other determinants driving land use change, such as land use policy. The optimized land use structure will slow the rate of decline in vegetation carbon storage compared with the period between 1995 and 2010 and will also reduce energy-related carbon emissions by 12%.

中国是世界第一海水养殖大国,努力促进海水养殖业经济、环境协调发展,对落实节能减排要求、共谋全球生态文明建设具有意义。本文通过估算中国海水养殖净碳汇并评价其与海水养殖经济之间的耦合程度,探讨中国海水养殖业环境效益与经济效益的协调共生关系。研究结果表明：2008—2016年全国海水养殖净碳汇保持在43万~49万t,净碳汇与海水养殖经济耦合程度低,除2010年短暂达到增长耦合状态,2009—2014年间其他年份均处于非同步断裂关系,这一阶段中国海水养殖业仍依赖数量型增长,2015—2016年进入非同步负断裂阶段,此时海洋生态文明建设初见成效,但仍缺少环境效益向经济效益转化的市场机制;从省际来看,2008—2016年除冀、琼、津的海水养殖净碳汇为负外,净碳汇贡献最大的省依次为粤、闽、鲁、辽、桂、浙、苏,其中闽、浙、苏海水养殖业净碳汇与经济间主要呈现非同步断裂关系,产业发展仍侧重于经济增长,辽、鲁则呈现非同步负断裂趋势,环境效益提升显著快于经济效益增加,而粤、桂的海水养殖业经济、环境效益则接近平衡。

Based on the estimation of the net mariculture carbon sink and the coupling index between carbon sink and economics, this study discussed the coordination between economic and environmental performance of mariculture in China. By using of both national and provincial data from 2008 to 2016 of China, this study came to the conclusions as following: although the net amount of mariculture carbon sink nationwide remained between 430 to 490 thousand tons per year, the environmental and economic performance got out of sync. Each year during 2009-2014 was in either strongly or weakly decoupling status except for 2010 when it came to increasingly coupling, which means that the growth of mariculture of China still relied on scale expansion in this period. Negatively decoupling relationship appeared from 2015 to 2016, which means that an efficient market mechanism was needed to transfer ecological profit into monetary revenue despite the preliminary achievements of the strategy of Marine Ecological Culture. Results differed between provinces. The net carbon sink kept negative in Hebei, Hainan, and Tianjin from 2009-2016. Guangdong, Fujian, Shandong, and Liaoning have made the greatest contribution to the net carbon sink. The majority of years showed decoupling in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, meaning the economic subsystem outbalanced environmental subsystem of mariculture in these provinces. The relationship between net carbon sink and mariculture increase did show a negatively decoupling trend, revealing the environmental subsystem preceded economic subsystem in these two provinces. The mariculture systems were basically balanced in Guangdong and Guangxi. Therefore, the key points of healthy development of marine fishery of China are to accelerate the conversion of the driving power of growth, to build a carbon sink market for marine fishery, and to optimize the allocation of marine spatial and producing resources.