基于水足迹理论,选取2000—2020年长江经济带11省市的相关数据,通过经济脱钩、空间自相关分析、水资源匮乏指数等指标,对长江经济带的水资源利用及空间关联特征进行分析,结果表明:①2000—2020年长江经济带的总水足迹不断攀升,但内部水足迹构成差异巨大;从相关指标分析来看,人均水足迹以每年1.07%的增长速率缓慢增长,水资源匮乏指数呈波动变化,整体<1,水资源利用效率在不断提高;②长江经济带经济发展与水足迹之间以弱脱钩状态为主,其中上海市与浙江省以强脱钩状态为主,其他省市均以弱脱钩状态为主;③研究期内省域尺度上长江经济带水足迹存在负空间自相关的关系,但在2015年后,Moran’s I指数呈波动下降的趋势,空间差异性逐渐减弱。这是由于长江经济带各省市在近年来注重区域间的共同发展,不断优化区域产业结构与生产模式,进行优势产业互补,同时不断加强区域间水资源协同管理的原因导致。研究结果可为长江经济带水资源的科学管理、优化配置以及产业调整等的实施提供参考。

采用熵权法确定亚洲—太平洋地区水安全评价指标体系中各指标的权重,评估亚洲—太平洋47个国家的水安全状况。国家综合水安全包括生活水安全、经济水安全、城市水安全、环境水安全和水灾害抗御力五个方面,权重比值约为34:19:14:22:11。其中,生活水安全的国家间差异最大,水灾害抗御力的国家间差异最小;经济水安全的区域整体状况最好,而水灾害抗御力的整体水平较不理想。综合水安全的评估结果显示,在国家层面,澳大利亚、新西兰、马来西亚和新加坡的水安全状况最佳,基里巴斯的水安全状况最令人担忧;在区域层面,东亚及太平洋地区的水安全状况较之南亚、东南亚和中西亚为佳;整体而言,亚洲—太平洋地区的整体水安全状况亟待改善。

In this study the entropy method was adopted to calculate the indicator weights of the water security indicator system and the water security status of the 47 countries in the Asia-Pacific region were then assessed. National water security consists of 5 dimensions—household water security, economic water security, urban water security, environmental water security, and resilience to water-related disasters. The regional disparity of household water security is most significant, while the minimum value of regional disparity is found in resilience to water-related disasters. Regional economic water security is relatively satisfactory in Asia-Pacific; however, compared to other dimensions, resilience to water-related disasters is less satisfactory. The assessment reveals the actual water security status of countries and the result indicates that Australia, New-Zealand, and Malaysia are the most favorable countries in terms of national water security, but Kiribati is the worst country; countries in East Asia and the Pacific are in a much better condition than those in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Central-West Asia. The overall water security situation in Asia and the Pacific region urgently needs improvement.

和田地区是典型的内陆干旱区,研究区域水资源安全对指导水资源开发利用,促进社会经济与水资源可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于水足迹理论,研究和田地区1989—2018年农作物生产和动物产品生产的农业生产水足迹的组成及时空变化,通过水足迹强度和水资源压力指标从水资源消耗和污染两个角度分析和评价水资源安全状态的时空变化。结果表明：和田地区农业生产水足迹经历了快速增长、缓慢增长和明显下降3个阶段,以农作物生产水足迹与动物产品生产水足迹约8:2的比例组成。各阶段变化以农作物生产蓝水足迹的增减为主导,在空间上呈西高东低分布;水足迹强度呈对数的趋势减小,至2018年缩小为原来的1/19。和田地区水资源压力值均在1以下变化,水资源多年来均处于安全状态,近10 a的水资源压力程度较高。多年来,和田地区农业生产水足迹随时间变化波动增长,水资源利用效率显著提升,而水资源压力也同步增加,不断威胁着区域的水资源安全。

The Hotan Prefecture is a typical inland arid area. Regional water resource security assessment is of great significance for guiding the development and utilization of water resources and promoting the sustainable development of social economy and water resources. Based on the water footprint theory, this paper studied the composition and spatial-temporal changes of the water footprint of agricultural production in the Hotan Prefecture from 1989 to 2018, then analyzed and evaluated the temporal and spatial pattern changes of water resource security status through water footprint intensity and water resource pressure indicators. The water footprint for agricultural production in Hotan has experienced three stages: rapid growth, slow growth, and obvious decline. It is composed of an approximately 8:2 ratio in terms of the water footprint of crop production and that of animal products. Changes in each stage were dominated by the increase and decrease in the blue water footprint of crop production, which were spatially high in the west and low in the east. The intensity of the water footprint decreased according to a logarithmic trend; by 2018, it had shrunk to 1/19 of the original size. The pressure value for water resources in the Hotan Prefecture has not reached 1 for many years; the water resource have remained in a safe state, and the pressure on water resource has been relatively high in the past 10 years. Overall, the water footprint of agricultural production in Hotan has fluctuated and increased over time, the efficiency of water use has increased significantly, and the pressure on water resources has also increased simultaneously, constantly threatening the security of regional water resource.

基于水资源生态足迹模型,结合水资源生态承载力和生态盈亏指数,讨论了辽宁省人均水资源生态足迹的时空特征,并采用 LMDI模型对辽宁省2010—2019年水资源生态足迹变化的影响因素进行分析。结果表明:①辽宁省人均水资源生态足迹在时间变化上较稳定,各用水账户占比大小依次为农业、工业、生活和生态环境用水;在空间分布上呈现出较大差异,仅丹东市、铁岭市、鞍山市、本溪市和葫芦岛市为生态盈余状态,其他行政区均出现不同程度的生态赤字,盘锦市最为严重,水资源生态状况也较差;②在辽宁省及各行政区人均水资源生态足迹的构成上,除本溪市为工业用水占比最高以外,辽宁省与其他各市都以农业用水为主,其次为工业用水,生活用水和生态环境用水占比较低但均有小幅提升;③通过因素分解得出经济因素是推进水资源生态足迹增长的主导因素,结构因素和人口因素对生态足迹变化的影响比较小,技术因素有效抑制了水资源生态足迹的快速增长。

The spatial and temporal characteristics of the per capita water resources ecological footprint in Liaoning Province were investigated via water resources ecological footprint model in consideration of the water resources ecological carrying capacity and the ecological profit and loss index.The influencing factors of the water resources ecological footprint in Liaoning Province from 2010 to 2019 were also explored by using LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index) model.Results reveal that:1) The per capita ecological footprint of water resources in Liaoning Province is stable in temporal scale but differed remarkably in spatial scale.Agricultural water use accounted for the largest proportion, followed by industrial water use, domestic water use and eco-environmental water in sequence.The cities of Dandong, Tieling, Anshan, Benxi, and Huludao were in ecological surplus while other administrative regions were in ecological deficit to different degrees, among which the city of Panjin suffered from the most severe ecological deficit and inferior ecological situation.2) Except from the city of Benxi which has the highest proportion of industrial water use, the whole of Liaoning Province and its administrative regions are dominated by agricultural water use, followed by industrial water use;the proportions of domestic water use and eco-environmental water use are relatively low but both have increased slightly.3) Factor decomposition suggest that economic factor is the leading factor contributing to the growth of water resources ecological footprint, while structural factor and population factor have slight influence on the change of the ecological footprint, and on the contrary, technical factor restrains the rapid growth of the ecological footprint of water resources in Liaoning Province.

基于能值分析法改进的生态足迹模型，对1997-2014年湖北省生态经济系统长时间序列可持续发展趋势和生态安全状况进行了定量分析。结果表明：研究期内湖北省多年平均能值密度为1.286×10¹⁵ sej·hm^-2，人均能值生态承载力从1.18 hm²下降到1.10 hm²，人均能值生态足迹由4.50 hm²增加到8.72 hm²。从1998年起湖北省人均生态足迹逐年扩大，以年均6.2%的速度快速增长，一直处于生态赤字状态，且赤字增大趋势明显；生态压力指数从3.82增长到7.95，生态安全形势严峻。湖北省生态环境系统不足以维持自身经济社会快速发展，其中城市建设发展和重工业的能耗压力大以及进出口总额剧增是造成区域生态赤字的主要原因。

Based on the emergy-ecological footprint model, the ecological security of Hubei Province was quantitatively evaluated from 1997 to 2014. The results revealed that the average annual emergy density in Hubei Province was calculated as 1.286 10¹⁵ sej hm^-2 during the study period. The emergy ecological capacity per capita slowly decreased from 1.18 hm² to 1.10 hm², with the average value of 1.12 hm², while the emergy ecological footprint per capita rapidly increased from 4.50 hm² to 8.72 hm², with the average value of 6.26 hm². The ecological footprint per capita has been increased with a growth of 6.2% since 1998, which caused a trend gradually increase of the ecological deficit. Hubei Province has been in a state of ecological deficit since 1997 and the situation was gradually getting worse. Therefore, the ecological environment system was insufficient to maintain rapid economic and social development. The ecological pressure index increased from 3.82 to 7.95, which suggested the problems in ecological safety needed to be solved urgently. The giant pressures from the urban construction and the heavy industry with high-level energy consumption, as well as the sharply increase of the total export-import volume, were the principal factors, which prompted the growth of the local ecological deficit.

为研究半干旱气候区水资源的开发利用情况,以榆林市为例,根据水资源统计数据,运用能值生态足迹模型对榆林市2000—2019年水生态足迹、水生态承载力等进行综合评价,得出榆林市水资源开发利用变化特征,并与传统水生态足迹模型进行对比。结果表明：（1） 2000—2019年,榆林市水资源能值生态足迹年均值1.17 hm²·人^-1,水资源能值生态承载力年均值0.49 hm²·人^-1,生态赤字明显,且呈增加趋势;（2） 榆林市水资源生态压力指数年均值2.43,处于亚安全状态;（3） 水资源生态经济协调指数年均值1.31,相对比较稳定;传统水资源生态足迹中万元GDP水足迹年均值从0.97 hm²·（10⁴元）^-1下降到为0.04 hm²·（10⁴元）^-1,表明水资源利用效率在逐步提高。总体上看,榆林市水资源生态安全形势依然严峻,加大农业、工业节水力度,创新污水处理技术,倡导生活节水,提高水资源利用综合效率是促进榆林市水资源可持续发展的主要途径。

Yulin City was selected as the research area to study the development and utilization of water resources in a semi-arid climate area based on water resource statistics. This paper aimed to comprehensively evaluate the water ecological footprint and water ecological carrying capacity of Yulin City from 2000 to 2019 by using the emergy ecological footprint model, to obtain the change characteristics of water resource development and utilization in Yulin City, and to compare such characteristics with those of the traditional water ecological footprint model. Results show that (1) From 2000 to 2019, the annual average value of water resource emergy ecological footprint is 1.17 hm²·cap^-1; the annual average value of water resource emergy ecological carrying capacity is 0.49 hm²·cap^-1, and the ecological deficit of water resources in Yulin is evident and increasing. (2) In addition, the annual average value of Yulin’s water resource ecological pressure is 2.43, and it is in a semi-safe state all year round. (3) The annual average value of the water resource economic coordination index is 1.31, and the socio-economic coordination of the water resource ecosystem is relatively stable. In the traditional ecological footprint of water resources, the annual average of water footprint per 10000 yuan GDP decreased from 0.97 hm² per 10000 yuan to 0.04 hm² per 10000 yuan, indicating that the utilization efficiency of water resources is gradually improving. The state of water resource ecological security in Yulin City is relatively severe. Therefore, strengthening water conservation in agriculture and industry, innovating sewage treatment technology, advocating domestic water saving, and comprehensively improving the utilization efficiency of water resources are necessary to promote the sustainable development of water resources in Yulin City

生态足迹模型是分析人类对自然资本的需求和自然资本的供给情况的有力工具。为更加准确地核算中小尺度的生态足迹，论文建立了“省公顷”模型，明确了均衡因子和产量因子的含义与计算方法。在计算方法上，首次引入热值的概念，克服了不同类型生物产品不能直接加总的难题。以浙江省为例，应用本方法测算了2005年各类土地的均衡因子和各市土地的产量因子。其均衡因子分别是：耕地为2.82s-nhm²/hm²；草地为0.11s-nhm²/hm²；林地为0.35s-nhm²/hm²；水域为0.17s-nhm²/hm²等。结果与国际上通行的数值和国家公顷下的数值存在较大差异，但通过分析认为，文章的均衡因子和产量因子客观地表达了浙江省的实际情况，存在差异是合理的。最后，指出文章所构建的方法简单易行，结果合理，该计算方法可推广到国家层面；在进行省域层面的生态足迹分析时，模型应采用“省公顷”对应的均衡因子和产量因子，以使分析更加具有实际意义。

生态足迹模型是分析人类对自然资本的需求和自然资本的供给情况的有力工具。为更加准确地核算中小尺度的生态足迹，论文建立了“省公顷”模型，明确了均衡因子和产量因子的含义与计算方法。在计算方法上，首次引入热值的概念，克服了不同类型生物产品不能直接加总的难题。以浙江省为例，应用本方法测算了2005年各类土地的均衡因子和各市土地的产量因子。其均衡因子分别是：耕地为2.82s-nhm²/hm²；草地为0.11s-nhm²/hm²；林地为0.35s-nhm²/hm²；水域为0.17s-nhm²/hm²等。结果与国际上通行的数值和国家公顷下的数值存在较大差异，但通过分析认为，文章的均衡因子和产量因子客观地表达了浙江省的实际情况，存在差异是合理的。最后，指出文章所构建的方法简单易行，结果合理，该计算方法可推广到国家层面；在进行省域层面的生态足迹分析时，模型应采用“省公顷”对应的均衡因子和产量因子，以使分析更加具有实际意义。

了解黄河流域9省区可持续发展水平，可为黄河流域高质量发展政策的制定和实施提供引导。以黄河流域9省区为研究对象，基于改进的能值生态足迹模型计算足迹深度、生态利用效率指数、生态经济协调指数、生态足迹多样性指数等4项评价指标，在此基础上采用熵权法计算可持续发展综合指数，对黄河流域9省区2009—2020年可持续发展综合水平进行评价。结果表明：（1）2009—2020年，除青海省外，其余省区的足迹深度超过1；（2）2009—2020年，所有省区的生态利用效率指数均整体呈现下降趋势，其中宁夏回族自治区降幅最大，为57.55%；（3）2009—2020年，山西省、山东省、河南省和宁夏回族自治区4省区的生态经济协调指数均未超过1.05，均低于其余省区；（4）2009—2020年，甘肃省的生态足迹多样性指数均超过1，均高于其余省区；（5）2009—2020年，四川省和青海省均处于可持续发展水平，甘肃省和内蒙古自治区在相当可持续与轻微不可持续之间波动，其余省区处于不可持续发展水平，其中宁夏回族自治区在轻微不可持续与相当不可持续之间波动，山东省和河南省常年处于相当不可持续，山西省在相当不可持续与非常不可持续之间波动，陕西省常年处于非常不可持续。未来需因地制宜制定和实施可持续发展策略，推动黄河流域高质量发展。

Understanding the sustainable development level of each province in the Yellow River Basin can guide the formulation and implementation of high-quality development policies in the Yellow River Basin. Taking nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin as the research object， the four evaluation indicators of footprint depth， ecological utilization efficiency index， eco-economic coordination index and ecological footprint diversity index are calculated based on the improved energy ecological footprint model， on which the entropy weight method is used to calculate the comprehensive sustainable development index to evaluate the comprehensive sustainable development level of the nine provinces of the Yellow River Basin from 2009 to 2020. The results show that： （1） From 2009 to 2020， the footprint depth of all provinces except Qinghai Province exceeds 1； （2） From 2009 to 2020， all provinces show an overall decreasing trend in the ecological utilization efficiency index， among which Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has the largest decrease of 57.55%； （3） From 2009 to 2020， the ecological and economic coordination indexes of four provinces， namely Shanxi， Shandong， Henan and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region， do not exceed 1.05， all of which are lower than those of the remaining provinces； （4） From 2009 to 2020， the ecological footprint diversity indexes of Gansu Province all exceed 1， all of which are higher than those of the remaining provinces； （5） From 2009 to 2020， both Sichuan and Qinghai provinces are at sustainable development level， Gansu and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region fluctuate between fairly sustainable and slightly unsustainable， and the rest of the provinces are at unsustainable development level， among which Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region fluctuates between slightly unsustainable and fairly unsustainable， Shandong and Henan Province are at fairly unsustainable year-round， Shanxi Province fluctuates between fairly unsustainable and very unsustainable， and Shaanxi Province is very unsustainable year-round. In the future， sustainable development strategies need to be developed and implemented according to local conditions to promote high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.