为分析丹江口库区消落带土地利用空间格局及土地资源特点,基于2013年丹江口水库调水前无人机采集的库区0.5 m数字正射影像,对库区蓄水前的土地利用现状进行遥感监测。结合行政区划图和1∶50 000数字高程模型提取的150,160,163.5,170 m水位淹没线、坡度图,采用空间分析与地理统计方法,研究了丹江口库区调水前的土地利用现状特点。结果表明150~160 m,160~170 m消落带面积分别为227.1 km²,194.3 km²;消落带主要分布在淅川、丹江口、郧县;耕地是消落带区域内最主要的用地形式,且主要分布在淅川。监测结果为丹江口库区消落带管理提供了数据基础。

To analyze the spatial pattern of land-use and characteristics of land resources in Danjiangkou water-level-fluctuating zone, land-use status quo is monitored through remote sensing based on 0.5 m Digital Orthphoto Map in the reservoir area acquired through unmanned aerial vehicle by 2013 before impoundment of the reservoir area. Moreover, the characteristics of land-use status are studied using spatial analysis and geostatistical methods in association with administrative map, slope map and 150 m, 160 m, 163.5 m, 170m water flooding lines extracted from 1∶50 000 Digital Elevation Model. Results show that the areas of water-level-fluctuating zone are 227.1 km² and 194.3 km² at elevation 150-160 m and 160-170 m, respectively. Water-level-fluctuating zones are mainly distributed in Xichuan, Danjiangkou and Yunxian County. Arable land is the main land form in the fluctuating zone and is mainly distributed in Xichuan. The monitoring results provide a data basis for the management of Danjiangkou water-level-fluctuating zone.

Microplastics are emerging pollutants which have been extensively detected in water environments. However, little is known about microplastic pollution in soil environments. In this study, we investigated microplastics and mesoplastics in farmland soils from twenty vegetable fields around the suburbs of Shanghai. In each site, three duplicate soil samples were collected from shallow (0-3 cm) and deep soils (3-6 cm), respectively. Microplastics (sizes of 20 μm - 5 mm) and mesoplastics (5 mm - 2 cm) were detected using methods of density extraction, 30% HO digestion and micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The abundance of microplastics was 78.00 ± 12.91 and 62.50 ± 12.97 items kg in shallow and deep soils, respectively. While, mesoplastics were found with abundance of 6.75 ± 1.51 and 3.25 ± 1.04 items kg in shallow and deep soils. Among these micro(meso)plastics, 48.79% and 59.81% were in size of <1 mm in shallow and deep soils. The main morphotypes of microplastics included fiber, fragment and film, mostly in color of black or transparent. Moreover, we found that topsoil contained higher concentrations and larger sizes of micro(meso)plastics than deep soil. In addition, the vast majority of micro(meso)plastics were polypropylene (50.51%) and polyethylene (43.43%). This study reveals occurrence and characteristics of microplastic pollution in typical farmland soils. It provides important data for subsequent research on microplatics in the terrestrial ecosystem.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As the source of water for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China, the water quality of the Danjiangkou Reservoir (DJKR) is related to the safety of drinking water for billions of residents. Consequently, microplastics in surface water and sediment samples of the DJKR were investigated in this study. Microplastics were observed in all water and sediment samples with abundances varying from 467 to 15,017 n/m and 15 to 40 n/kg wet weight, respectively. Microplastics were rich in colour and dominated by fibrous items. Small-sized particles (< 2 mm) were more frequently observed than other sizes. Analysis by micro-Raman spectroscopy showed that polypropylene was the major polymer type. These systematic results demonstrated that the DJKR is suffering from the pollution of microplastics, which should be paid more attention based on its potential threat to the aquatic organisms and residents impacted by the drinking water source pollution.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Recently, macroplastic (>5 mm) and especially microplastic (<5 mm) particles have been reported as emerging contaminants in marine and limnetic ecosystems. Their coloration is gained by the addition of pigments to the polymer blend which is the major component of the respective product. However, color is also a feature of paint and coatings whereby the pigment is the major component. Once abraded from a surface, paint particles may enter the environment via similar pathways as microplastic particles. So far no detailed studies of microplastic particles (pigmented and non-pigmented) as well as paint particles have been performed focusing on very small microparticles (1-50 μm), in either marine or limnetic ecosystems. Using Raman microspectroscopy with a spatial resolution down to 1 μm, we report a remarkable increase in the occurrence of (pigmented) microplastic particles below 500 μm. Among those, most particles were found at a size of ∼130 μm in a freshwater ecosystem (subalpine Lake Garda, Italy). Moreover, our qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that the number of paint microparticles significantly increased below the size range of 50 μm due to their brittleness (the smallest detected paint particle had a size of 4 μm). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements showed that both colored particles found in nature as well as virgin particles contain a high variety of metals such as cadmium, lead and copper. These additives may elicit adverse effects in biota ingesting these microparticles, thus paints and associated compounds may act as formerly overlooked contaminants in freshwater ecosystems.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.