三峡库区是我国主要水土流失区之一,水土流失面积2.8万km²,三峡库区作为长江上游水土保持重点治理的“四大片”之一,从1989年开始实施了长江上游水土保持重点防治工程(简称“长治”工程)以来,经过20 a的连续治理,取得了较好的生态、社会和经济效益。在对库区湖北省秭归县、夷陵区、重庆市云阳县等典型县实地调研的基础上,分析总结了三峡库区“长治”工程20 a来的建设成效,主要体现在通过水土保持综合治理,库区水土流失恶化趋势得到扭转,2007年与1985年相比,水土流失面积减幅高达28%;通过水土保持规模经营,把山区的资源优势转化为经济优势,培育了以茶叶、柑橘为主的经果林等产业的发展,促进了库区群众增产增收,减缓了人地矛盾,提高了环境容量;同时“长治”工程对减少三峡入库泥沙和面源污染也起到了积极的作用。

The Three Gorges Reservoir region is one of the main soil loss regions in China with an area of soil erosion reaching 28000 km². It is also one of the four regions of soil and water conservation in the upper reaches of Yangtze River. The national key projects for soil and water conservation in upstream Yangtze River were implemented since 1989. After two decades of continuous regulation, some ecological and socio-economic benefits have been achieved. In this paper we summarize the effectiveness of the key projects based on investigation of typical counties including Zigui and Yiling of Hubei province and Yunyang of Chongqing city. The deterioration of soil and water loss in the reservoir area has been improved through the comprehensive harnessing. The area of soil and water loss reduced by 28% from 1985 to 2007. Through scale management, the advantages of resources in mountain area were turned into economic advantages by planting economic fruit trees including tea and citrus. The production of the economic fruit industry and the economic income of people in the area have been increased, and the contradiction between people and land has been alleviated. Finally, environment capacity of the reservoir area increased. The national key projects for soil and water conservation in Yangtze river basin played positive role in reducing sediment and non-point source pollution.