随着国家生态文明建设的不断推进,生态补偿作为一项重要机制在研究和实践两方面都取得了积极进展。根据我国流域横向生态补偿案例及实践,对长江流域生态补偿内涵、对象、标准和模式进行初步分析,对几种急需开展的流域生态补偿类型及难题提出了解决建议。分析表明:无论是块状的自然保护地,还是跨行政区的水流及水生态的生态补偿,都需要考虑流域多要素和多利益主体的综合补偿,才能实现全流域的生态补偿;补偿标准的确定需要根据保护地类型和重要性,在生态服务价值与保护成本加发展机会成本或者环境质量改进增量之间选择;在补偿项目实施过程中,需要不断优化补偿要素和考核指标,才能使流域生态补偿持续推进。

With the continuous advance of China's national ecological civilization construction, ecological compensation, as an important mechanism, has attained positive progress in both research and practice. Based on the cases and practices of basin-scale horizontal ecological compensation in China, the connotation, object, standard and mode of ecological compensation in the Yangtze River Basin are analyzed preliminarily, and suggestions on the types and difficulties of several urgently needed basin-scale ecological compensation are put forward. The analysis manifests that regardless of block nature reserve or ecological compensation of water flow and water ecology across administrative regions, multi-factors and multi-interest subjects in the basin should be considered comprehensively. Moreover, the compensation standard should be determined among ecological service value, protection cost plus development opportunity cost or environmental quality improvement increment according to the type and importance of protected areas. In addition, during the implementation of compensation projects, the compensation elements and assessment indicators need to be optimized dynamically to promote the sustainable development of ecological compensation.