三峡水库应急补水对2022年洪季长江口盐水入侵的影响

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20240616

长江科学院院报 ›› 2024, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (10): 30-39.DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20240616

三峡水库应急补水对2022年洪季长江口盐水入侵的影响

仇威¹^,²(), 栾华龙¹^,², 渠庚¹^,², 雷文韬¹^,², 林木松¹^,², 朱建荣³()

¹ 长江科学院河流研究所,武汉 430010
² 长江科学院水利部长江中下游河湖治理与防洪重点实验室,武汉 430010
³ 华东师范大学河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241

收稿日期:2024-06-12 修回日期:2024-07-22 出版日期:2024-10-01 发布日期:2024-10-25
通讯作者: 朱建荣(1963-),男,浙江海宁人,研究员,博士,研究方向为河口海岸动力学、河口海岸数值方法、数值模拟和数值预报、河口海岸物质输运扩散。E-mail: jrzhu@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn
作者简介:
仇威(1998-),男,湖北随州人,助理工程师,硕士,研究方向为河口水动力及物质输运、三维数学模型开发与应用。E-mail: qiuwei@mail.crsri.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划政府间国际科技创新合作项目(2022YFE0117500); 国家自然科学基金项目(42376166); 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费创新团队项目(CKSF2024326/HL)

Impact of Emergent Water Supply of the Three Gorges Reservoir on Saltwater Intrusion in the Changjiang River Estuary in 2022

QIU Wei¹^,²(), LUAN Hua-long¹^,², QU Geng¹^,², LEI Wen-tao¹^,², LIN Mu-song¹^,², ZHU Jian-rong³()

¹ River Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China
² Key Laboratory of Ministry of Water Resources on River and Lake Regulation and Flood Control in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010,China
³ State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

Received:2024-06-12 Revised:2024-07-22 Published:2024-10-01 Online:2024-10-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2022年汛期长江流域发生了历史罕见的流域性干旱,大通站9—10月份流量在11 000 m³/s上下浮动。9月份开始,叠加台风的影响,长江口遭遇了严重的盐水入侵事件,威胁上海市供水安全。结合实测流量、风速和盐度数据分析,认为此次盐水入侵由低流量和台风导致;基于此,采用三维河口海岸数值模型定量分析三峡水库应急补水的压咸效果。结果表明,应急补水削弱了长江口的盐水入侵,减小了咸潮上溯距离,南支—北港纵断面0.45 psu等盐度线下移了17 km,降低了水库取水口盐度,为青草沙水库争取了约6 h的取水窗口。10月份2次寒潮在一定程度上削弱了此次补水效果,为确保补水效果需加强河口地区水文、潮汐及气象综合监测能力,以保障上海市淡水利用安全。

关键词: 盐水入侵, 水库调度, 淡水资源, 压咸效果, 三峡水库, 长江河口

Abstract:

During the flood season of 2022, the Changjiang River Basin experienced an unprecedented basin-wide drought. From September to October, the runoff at Datong Station fluctuated around 11,000 m³/s. Since September, the Changjiang River Estuary has faced severe saltwater intrusion due to typhoons, jeopardizing the water supply security of Shanghai. Based on analysis of measured runoff, wind speed, and salinity data, we conclude that low runoff combined with typhoons triggered the saltwater intrusion. We employed a three-dimensional estuary and coastal numerical model to quantitatively assess the impact of emergent water supply from cascading reservoirs. The emergent water supply mitigated saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang River Estuary, reducing the upward distance of saline water and shifting the 0.45 psu isohaline towards downstream by 17 km in the South Branch-North Channel section. This action reduced the salinity of reservoir water intake and extended the water intake window for the Qingcaosha Reservoir by approximately 6 hours. However, two cold fronts in October weakened the effectiveness of the water supply to some extent. To enhance the reliability of the water supply, it is crucial to strengthen comprehensive monitoring of hydrology, tides, and meteorology in the estuarine area, thereby ensuring the safety of freshwater utilization in Shanghai.

Key words: saltwater intrusion, reservoir operation, freshwater resources, saline-reducing effect, Three Gorges Reservoir, Changjiang River estuary

中图分类号:

P731.2

仇威, 栾华龙, 渠庚, 雷文韬, 林木松, 朱建荣. 三峡水库应急补水对2022年洪季长江口盐水入侵的影响[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2024, 41(10): 30-39.

QIU Wei, LUAN Hua-long, QU Geng, LEI Wen-tao, LIN Mu-song, ZHU Jian-rong. Impact of Emergent Water Supply of the Three Gorges Reservoir on Saltwater Intrusion in the Changjiang River Estuary in 2022[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2024, 41(10): 30-39.

图/表 14

图1 长江河口形势

Fig.1 Sketch of the Changjiang River estuary

图2 2022年7—10月长江中下游主要测站水位变化过程线

Fig.2 Temporal variations in water level at measuring stations in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River from July to October, 2022

图3 2022年9—10月实测流量、风速、风矢和取水口盐度随时间的变化

Fig.3 Temporal variations in river discharge, wind speed, wind vector and intake salinity from September to October, 2022

图4 模型计算范围和网格

Fig.4 Computational domain and grids

图5 2021年8月不同水位站水位随时间的变化

Fig.5 Temporal variation in water level in August, 2021

图6 2021年1月流速和流向随时间的变化

Fig.6 Temporal variations in flow velocity and direction in January, 2021

图7 2022年10月崇明东滩气象站实测风速和风矢

Fig.7 Measured wind speed and wind vector at the weather station on Chongming eastern shoal in October, 2022

表1 水位模拟值和观测值的统计指标

Table 1 Statistical indicators of water level simulation and observation values

水文站	CC	RMSE/m	SS
新村沙	0.98	0.05	0.93
崇西	0.97	0.10	0.92
堡镇	0.98	0.12	0.94

表2 流速、风速模拟值和观测值的评价指标

Table 2 Statistical indicators of flow velocity and wind speed simulation and observation values

站名	CC	RMSE/(m·s^-1)	SS
3^#浮标站	0.76(0.81)	0.43(0.26)	0.76(0.85)
5^#浮标站	0.82(0.84)	0.32(0.25)	0.86(0.89)
崇明东滩气象站	0.74	0.55	0.76

图8 小潮潮周期(10月18—21日)平均后的单宽净水通量和单宽净盐通量平面分布

Fig.8 Distribution of unit width net water flux, unit width net salt flux during neap tide from 18 to 21,October

图9 小潮落憩时刻盐度平面分布

Fig.9 Distribution of salinity at ebb slack during neap tide

图10 小潮落憩时刻补水前后盐度差值平面分布

Fig.10 Distribution of salinity difference at neap tide ebb between before and after emergent water supply

图11 小潮落憩时刻盐度和流速沿剖面分布

Fig.11 Profile distributions of salinity and flow velocity along sections at ebb slack during neap tide

图12 青草沙水库取水口盐度随时间变化

Fig.12 Temporal variations in salinity at the water intake of Qingcaosha reservoir

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三峡水库应急补水对2022年洪季长江口盐水入侵的影响

Impact of Emergent Water Supply of the Three Gorges Reservoir on Saltwater Intrusion in the Changjiang River Estuary in 2022

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