油气能源的开发不仅需要消耗大量的淡水资源，而且给环境带来了许多危害。如何实现油气能源开发与水资源环境的可持续协调发展将成为油气开采地区经济能否持续快速发展的关键问题。综述了国内外油气能源开发中的溢油污染现状，指出了修复溢油污染环境的难点和挑战；以新兴的非常规天然气页岩气开采为例，分析了油气能源开采对淡水资源的大量需求与我国水资源匮乏现状的矛盾。针对油气开采潜在的水资源和环境问题，建议开展油气能源开发中的水资源安全、环境风险评估及其管理监督政策等方面的研究，以便应对未来时期油气开采可能引起的水危机。

Oil-gas extraction depletes large amount of fresh water resources and meanwhile deteriorates the environment. It will be a key concern for China to coordinate the national demand for oil-gas energy with the sustainable development of water resources and environment. Status quo of spilled oil pollution induced by oil-gas exploitation at home and abroad is reviewed, and main challenges in the removal of oil spill are briefly summarized. Furthermore, shale gas extraction is taken to illustrate China’s dilemma between the demand for water resources in oil-gas industry and the emerging water scarcity. In view of the potential perils for natural resources and the environment, it’s suggested that scientific studies on water resources safety, management and supervision  policy， and specific  site risk assessment should be performed to cope with the potential water crisis.