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向家坝水库水体营养状态时空特征及影响因素
Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Trophic Status and Their Influencing Factors in Xiangjiaba Reservoir
为评价向家坝水库水体营养状态及水质时空变化特征,基于2021年3月—2024年2月该水库11个干流监测断面和13个支流监测断面的逐月监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数(TLI(∑))法、系统聚类分析、Mann-Kendall时间序列变化趋势分析及Spearman相关性分析方法,探究其营养状态、水质时空变化规律及主要影响因素。结果表明:①研究期间,向家坝水库干流和支流水体的TLI(∑)总体处于贫营养至中营养水平,干流水体的TLI(∑)及各项水质参数整体优于支流。干流水体的TN和TP浓度受上游来水、支流汇入、城镇点源及沉积物内源释放多重因素协同调控,对降水响应不显著;支流水体中的N、P输入以面源污染为主导,其TN和TP浓度与降水量总体呈正相关关系。②干流上游(XJB07—XJB11)水质显著优于下游(XJB01—XJB06),主要是由于下游接纳更多支流汇入及城镇点源排放,且水流流速降低削弱了稀释自净能力;支流中,位于小汶溪河口的库湾河段的监测断面的TLI(∑)最高,各项水质参数最差。③研究期间向家坝水库干流和支流水体的TLI(∑)和TP、CODMn浓度总体呈下降趋势,SD呈上升趋势,水质总体改善;但Chl-a浓度呈上升趋势,干流下游及部分支流断面TN浓度轻微恶化,主要与光照条件改善及沉积物内源释放促进浮游植物生长有关。④5—9月份,向家坝水库干流水体的TLI(∑)和TN、TP、CODMn浓度升高,SD下降;10月份—次年4月份,蓄水使TN浓度于11月份达峰值,秋冬季沉积物内源释放使表层营养盐回升,Chl-a浓度急剧上升。支流多数监测断面与干流变化趋势一致。综上,鉴于库区下游及库湾沉积物中仍蓄积较多N、P营养盐,内源释放构成潜在威胁,建议后续管理坚持外源削减与内源清理并重,强化流域面源及点源污染管控,科学实施沉积物疏浚,以保障水库水生态安全。
[Objective] This study aims to evaluate the trophic status and spatiotemporal variation trends of water quality in Xiangjiaba Reservoir. The research results are expected to be used to trace pollutant sources in the water of its upstream areas, assess the effectiveness of ecological protection policies, and provide direct data support for the construction and protection of the ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. [Methods] Hierarchical cluster analysis, Mann-Kendall time-series trend analysis, and Spearman correlation analysis were employed to analyze the trophic status, spatiotemporal changes in water quality, and influencing factors based on monitoring data from 11 mainstream cross-sections and 13 tributary cross-sections of Xiangjiaba Reservoir collected from March 2021 to February 2024. [Results] (1) Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the mainstream of Xiangjiaba Reservoir were affected by upstream inflow, non-point source and point source pollution within the basin, and secondary release from bottom sediments during the study period, while TN and TP in the tributaries mainly originated from non-point source pollution within the basin. (2) Significant spatial differences were observed in the water quality and eutrophication level of Xiangjiaba Reservoir. Concentrations of TN, TP, and permanganate index (CODMn) in the lower reaches of the mainstream were higher than those in the upper reaches, while the Secchi depth (SD) was lower. Meanwhile, the water flow velocity (WFV) in the lower reaches of the mainstream was relatively low, which limited pollutant diffusion and transport and favored phytoplankton growth, resulting in a significantly higher trophic level index (TLI) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration in the lower reaches than those observed in the upper reaches. Tributary monitoring group 4 was strongly affected by point source pollution from Suijiang County in the upstream, where the TLI and concentrations of Chl-a, TN, TP, and CODMn were the highest, followed by group 2, whereas groups 3 and 1 showed relatively lower values. The TLI, TP, SD, and CODMn in the mainstream and tributaries of Xiangjiaba Reservoir generally showed improving trends, while Chl-a showed a deteriorating trend. TN in the mainstream and group 2 tributary monitoring cross-sections showed an upward trend. (3) Water quality of the mainstream and tributaries of Xiangjiaba Reservoir showed pronounced seasonal variations. TLI, TN, TP, and CODMn increased significantly with increasing precipitation during the wet season, while SD decreased. The water storage during dry season caused TN accumulation, which reached its peak in November. Pollutants such as TN, TP, and CODMn released in the bottom sediments migrated upward due to the decrease in surface water temperature (WT) in autumn and winter, increasing the concentrations of TN, TP, and CODMn in surface waters. Rapid phytoplankton proliferation caused a sharp increase in Chl-a concentration. [Conclusion] The cascade reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River exert a substantial interception effect on sediment and pollutants in the water. The concentrations of TP and CODMn have decreased. However, the relatively high TP and TN concentrations and lower WFV facilitate phytoplankton growth, resulting in an increased Chl-a concentration in Xiangjiaba Reservoir. In the future, reservoir management should be strengthened. Exogenous nitrogen and phosphorus inputs should be reduced, and bottom sediment dredging should also be strengthened.
水体营养状态 / 降水量 / 流速 / 面源污染 / 内源释放 / 时空特征 / 向家坝水库
water quality nutritional status / precipitation / flow velocity / non-point source pollution / endogenous release / spatiotemporal characteristics / Xiangjiaba Reservoir
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长江上游干流四川段是长江上游重要的水源涵养地和三峡库区的直接水源补给区。2012年向家坝水库蓄水后，该段的水沙条件显著改变，进而对水中氮磷的迁移转化产生重大影响。系统分析了2010－2020年间四川段水沙输移特性的改变及其对氮磷通量时空分布的影响，结果表明，2012年后，四川段的含沙量大幅削减，上下游分别降低了98.7%和66.4%，同时，上下游的氮磷通量也显著降低，总磷分别减少87.1%和62.9%，氨氮分别减少44.5%和53.7%。2012年后，岷江取代金沙江成为四川段最大的氮磷贡献者，其输入的氨氮和总磷占比分别达到73.5%和53.5%，四川段的氮磷水平主要取决于岷江的输入。总磷和氨氮的通量与含沙量之间均呈现线性正相关，前者的相关性极强（r=0.9956），而后者的相关性相对较低（r=0.5209）；总磷与粒径呈现中等正相关，而氨氮与粒径基本不相关；相比粒径，含沙量的变化对氮磷的迁移影响更大，而含沙量的变化对总磷的影响比对氨氮的强。底泥的氮磷释放是四川段氮磷的一个重要来源，2012年后，受水力条件和水沙条件改变的影响，内源释放的氮磷通量减少，但总磷的内源释放通量仍然达到0.52×10<sup>4</sup> t·a<sup>−1</sup>（贡献率11.9%）。研究结果加深了对向家坝水库蓄水影响四川段氮磷迁移的认识，可为促进四川段流域的氮磷污染防控和保障长江上游干流水质安全提供决策参考。
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孙晓明. 向家坝水电站建设与金沙江水电可持续开发[J]. 水利经济, 2007, 25(6): 60-62, 75.
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Water yield (WY) refers to the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET), which is vital for available terrestrial water. Climate change has led to significant changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration on a global scale, which will affect the global WY. Nevertheless, how terrestrial WY has changed during the past few decades and which factors dominated the WY changes are not fully understood. In this study, based on climate reanalysis and remote sensing data, the spatial and temporal patterns of terrestrial WY were revisited from 1981 to 2018 globally using an improved Mann-Kendall trend test method with a permutation test. The response patterns of WY to precipitation and ET are also investigated. The results show that the global multi-year mean WY is 297.4 mm/a. Based on the traditional Mann-Kendall trend test, terrestrial WY showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase of 5.72% of the total valid grid cells, while it showed a significant decrease of 7.68% of those. After correction using the calibration method, the significantly increasing and decreasing areas are reduced by 10.52% and 10.58% of them, respectively. After the correction, the confirmed increase and decrease in WY are mainly located in Africa, eastern North America and Siberia, and parts of Asia and Oceania, respectively. The dominant factor for increasing WY is precipitation, while that for decreasing WY was the combined effect of precipitation and evapotranspiration. The achievements of this study are beneficial for improving the understanding of WY in response to hydrological variables in the context of climate change.
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龚世飞, 丁武汉, 肖能武, 等. 丹江口水库核心水源区典型流域农业面源污染特征[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2019, 38(12): 2816-2825.
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陆昊, 杨柳燕, 杨明月, 等. 太湖流域上游降水量对入湖总氮和总磷的影响[J]. 水资源保护, 2022, 38(4):174-181.
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The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to investigate agricultural non-point source pollution in the Shitun River Basin (54.87 km2), China, where intensive agriculture dominates. This study analyzed spatiotemporal pollutant distribution from January 2021 to September 2023 and identified key pollution sources. The basin was divided into 46 sub-basins and 268 hydrological response units (HRUs). Model calibration and validation using runoff, total phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen data demonstrated high accuracy (R2 ≥ 0.6, Ens ≥ 0.5), confirming its applicability for area-source pollution assessment in agricultural regions. Agricultural area-source pollution was particularly concentrated from June to October, aligning with the high-flow period. Conversely, pollution levels saw a significant reduction during the medium- and low-flow periods. Severe pollution was mainly observed along the river and in the eastern part of the basin. By means of unit area load index method and Jenks natural fracture point method, it was determined that the key source areas of surface source pollution are mainly distributed in the upper reaches of the basin. The results can provide an adjusting basis and a theoretical basis for the control of agricultural surface source pollution in the watershed.
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河道型水库调度需要综合考虑入库洪水、人工调控和库区河道地形等因素对洪水演进传播过程的影响。通过分析总结河道型水库洪水波特征和动库容特性方面的研究成果,明确了河道型水库需要采用水文水动力模型耦合方法进行动库容调洪,但需要关注人工调控对坝址水位流量关系的干扰。随后分析总结了水库河道糙率特性方面的研究,指出水库洪水演进计算需要考虑水流流动型态对糙率的影响。进一步总结了近坝区水流特性的现有成果,指出近坝区水流三维流动特征显著,把坝前区域断面作为边界条件,计算时可能会引起系统性误差,明确了今后应该深入开展人工调控对近坝区断面过流能力的影响和糙率率定方面的研究,以提高洪水演进模型精度。
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In the scheduling of river-type reservoir, the impact of inflow flood, artificial regulation, and river basin topography on the flood routing process should be considered. By summarizing the research findings of flood wave features and dynamic reservoir capacity, we made it clear that the scheduling of river-type reservoir should be accomplished by coupling hydrologic and hydrodynamic models, and meanwhile that attention should be paid to the disturbance of artificial scheduling on the stage-discharge relation at dam site. We summarized that the effect of water flow structure on riverbed roughness should be taken into consideration in the calculation of reservoir flood routing. Furthermore, we reviewed the research achievements up to now of the flow characteristics near dam and pointed out that the three-dimensional flow characteristics near dam are remarkable. Taking the cross-section near dam as the boundary condition may cause systematic errors in calculation. In order to improve the accuracy of flood routing model, in future we should conduct in-depth research on the influence of manual regulation on the conveyance capacity of the cross-section near dam and roughness calibration.
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刘尚武, 张小峰, 吕平毓, 等. 金沙江下游梯级水库对氮、磷营养盐的滞留效应[J]. 湖泊科学, 2019, 31(3): 656-666.
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Observations show that the space and time heterogeneity of river water composition persists over indefinite time even when the effect of pollutant sources and sinks is minor. The driving forces of such heterogeneity have been supposed and shown to be, among other factors, the stratification of water matrix. Studying the structure of water flow and its effect on pollutant distribution in water was based on a system of fundamental equations of the mechanics of a liquid with a free surface. It has been shown that such effect is due to the fine structure of flows, vortices, waves and high-gradient interfaces (ligaments), which is formed and maintained by the motion of water masses. This conclusion extends our knowledge of the hydrological characteristics of water flow, enables one to better understand the nature of the heterogeneity of natural water composition, and it is of practical significance as such heterogeneity can be taken into account in making water management decisions.
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Hydropower development is the key strategy in many developing countries for energy supply, climate-change mitigation and economic development. However, it is commonly assumed that river dams retain nutrients and therefore reduce downstream primary productivity and fishery catches, compromising food security and causing trans-boundary disputes. Contrary to expectation, here we found that a cascade of reservoirs along the upper Mekong River increased downstream bioavailability of nitrogen and phosphorus. The dams caused phytoplankton density to increase with hydraulic residence time and stratification of the stagnant reservoirs caused hypoxia at depth. This allowed the release of bioavailable phosphorus from the sediment and an increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen as well as a shift in nitrogen species from nitrate to ammonium, which were transported downstream by the discharge of water from the base of the dam. Our findings provide a new perspective on the environmental impacts of river dams on nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, with potential implications for sustainable development of hydropower worldwide.© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.
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黄仁勇, 王敏, 张细兵, 等. 溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡梯级水库汛期联合排沙调度方式初步研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2018, 35(8): 6-10, 26.
采用实测典型水沙过程,对溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡梯级水库基于沙峰调度和基于汛期“蓄清排浑”动态使用的联合排沙调度方式开展了计算研究。结果表明:基于沙峰调度的梯级水库联合排沙调度方式从定性分析来看有利于提高梯级水库出库沙量,但提高的幅度有限;基于汛期“蓄清排浑”动态使用的梯级水库联合排沙调度方式有利于提高梯级水库出库沙量,且提高的幅度相对较大。通过计算研究提出了基于沙峰调度和基于汛期“蓄清排浑”动态使用的溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡梯级水库联合排沙调度方案,研究成果可为溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡梯级水库汛期泥沙调度提供科技支撑。
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胡春宏, 方春明, 许全喜. 论三峡水库“蓄清排浑”运用方式及其优化[J]. 水利学报, 2019, 50(1): 2-11.
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卢金友, 赵瑾琼. 长江流域梯级枢纽泥沙调控关键技术[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2021, 38(1): 1-7, 26.
通过将水沙动力学与水库调度优化理论相结合,围绕长江流域梯级枢纽泥沙调控关键技术开展研究。在改进恢复饱和系数、非均匀沙挟沙力等关键计算模式的基础上,完善并集成长江上游梯级水库群水沙数学模型、长江中下游复杂江湖河网水沙数学模型和典型河段平面二维水沙数学模型,构建了江河湖库水沙输移模拟模块。基于泥沙对防洪、发电、航运和长期使用4个主要目标的影响,构建了长江泥沙优化调控目标函数,进而集成水沙输移模拟模块构建了长江泥沙优化调度模型,并提出了基于预构泥沙信息库、结合BP神经网络的模型求解方法和非劣解集的改进灰靶评价方法。在此基础上,以三峡水库为例,提出了汛期“蓄清排浑”动态运用方案以及长期分阶段泥沙调控策略。
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Combining flow and sediment dynamics with optimization theory, we developed a technology of sediment control for cascade reservoirs integrating simulation module, dispatching module and decision module.Firstly, we improved the coefficient of saturation recovery and the sediment carrying capacity of non-uniform sediment, and on this basis built the simulation module of water/sediment transport in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs by integrating the water/sediment models for cascade reservoirs in upstream Yangtze River, for complex river-lake network in mid-and downstream Yangtze River and the 2D model for typical reaches. Subsequently, we constructed the objective function of sediment’s optimal regulation in consideration of flood control, power generation, navigation, and long-term use, and further established the optimal sediment-dispatching model. Furthermore we employed the BP neural network in association with the pre-constructed sediment information base to fit the prediction for the sedimentation and scouring, and present an improved grey-target evaluation method based on non-inferior solution set. Taking the Three Gorges Reservoir as an example, we finally put forward the dynamic operation scheme of “storing clear water and discharging muddy water” in flood season and the long-term staged sediment control strategy.
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姚治君, 姜丽光, 吴珊珊, 等. 1956-2011年金沙江下游梯级水电开发区降水变化特征分析[J]. 河海大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 42(4): 289-296.
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金可, 于江, 张乾柱, 等. 金沙江下游流域大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2024, 41(5): 26-34.
金沙江下游流域地处干热河谷气候影响区,大气降水对该区域水文循环至关重要。分析了金沙江下游流域降水稳定同位素组成的季节变化特征及其影响因素,结合同位素示踪和HYSPLIT模型探讨了流域大气降水水汽来源。结果表明:金沙江下游流域降水δ<sup>2</sup>H和δ<sup>18</sup>O雨季偏负而旱季偏正,气温和降水量对同位素组成影响较大而高程效应不显著;流域大气降水线斜率和截距均低于全球和我国大气降水线,主要受到非平衡蒸发作用影响;流域大气降水水汽来源和昆明地区类似,雨季降水主要受到西南与南亚季风影响,旱季降水潜在来源为西风带或极地大陆气团。研究成果对金沙江下游区域水文循环具有重要指导意义。
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刘忠翰, 贺彬, 王宜明, 等. 滇池不同流域类型降雨径流对河流氮磷入湖总量的影响[J]. 地理研究, 2004, 23(5): 593-604.
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靖争, 张爵宏, 曹慧群, 等. 水库水温研究进展及趋势[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2023, 40(2):52-59,66.
水库水温时空分布的变化对库区及下游河道环境及水生生态系统等产生重大影响,水库水温研究对库区及下游河道生态环境保护具有重要意义。回顾了国内外水库水温研究历程,介绍了主要的水库水温结构判别方法和水库水温研究方法,重点论述了水库水温机理性模型与智能算法模型的最新动态及前沿进展,总结归纳了水库水温分层特性、生态环境影响及其改善措施的最新研究成果,提出了未来重点研究方向:梯级水库影响下流域河-库系统水热传递规律、基于非静压的水库水流水温耦合计算、面向下游水温改善的水库分层取水生态调度。
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