长江中游河段河势变化剧烈、崩岸灾害频发，为分析典型护岸结构的破坏机理及其适应性特征，基于长江中游护岸工程实践，结合典型崩岸案例及已有研究成果，对长江中游不同护岸结构的适用条件、破坏机理、改进措施及综合适应性开展研究，并从水力适应性、生态适应性和经济适应性3个维度构建评价体系。结果表明：抛石护岸仍为长江中游应用最广的防护型式，新型生态护岸技术逐渐得到推广；护岸稳定性受水流冲刷、水位涨落、河床冲淤、岸坡条件及施工质量等因素共同影响，其中水流冲刷是导致护岸破坏的主要因素，且破坏通常首先发生于水下护脚部位；传统护岸经济性较好但生态适应性较弱；植物护岸生态效益最佳但抗冲能力有限；预制混凝土四方块等生态混凝土在水力、生态和经济适应性方面均表现较优；护岸工程适应性具有多因素耦合特征，应根据河势变化和水动力条件合理选择护岸型式。兼具稳定性和生态功能的新型生态护岸具有较好的发展前景，构建的多维适应性评价体系可为长江中游护岸优化及崩岸防治提供理论依据，未来应加强护岸工程与河势预测及监测预警技术的协同应用，提高工程长期适应能力。

[Objective] This study comprehensively investigated the applicability， failure mechanisms， and adaptability characteristics of different bank protection structures to provide theoretical basis and technical support for structural optimization， engineering design， and the development of new ecological revetment technologies under complex river conditions in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. [Methods] Typical bank collapse cases and operational data from engineering practices in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River were collected and analyzed. Representative revetment structures， including riprap， articulated concrete mattresses， gabions， geotextile sand pillows， pebble mattresses， precast concrete blocks， Reno mattresses， geogrid stone mattresses， and vegetative revetments， were systematically investigated. Their mechanical properties， protection mechanisms， failure modes， and improvement measures were summarized by integrating previous physical experiments， numerical simulations， field observations， and engineering applications. A comprehensive evaluation framework accounting for ecological， hydrological and sediment conditions and riverbed evolution processes was established. [Results] Riprap revetment remains the most widely used protection type in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River， while ecological concrete， Reno mattresses， and gabions have been increasingly adopted， reflecting a shift from conventional engineering protection to environmentally oriented designs. Revetment stability is jointly influenced by hydrodynamic conditions， water level fluctuations， riverbed deformation， bank material properties， structural parameters， and construction quality， among which flow scouring is the dominant factor responsible for structural failures. After bank protection works are implemented， channel deformation tends to shift from lateral migration to vertical erosion， resulting in deep-channel encroachment and severe toe scour. Consequently， failures usually initiate from underwater toe protection. Different revetment structures exhibit distinct characteristics. Traditional structures such as riprap and dry masonry show favorable economic performance but relatively poor ecological adaptability， whereas vegetative revetments provide the highest ecological benefits but insufficient resistance to strong hydraulic disturbances. Articulated concrete mattresses， gabions， and Reno mattresses exhibit balanced flexibility and integrity. Geogrid stone mattresses possess strong hydraulic adaptability but relatively high construction and maintenance costs. Comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that ecological concrete revetments perform well in hydraulic， ecological， and economic aspects and exhibit obvious advantages in overall adaptability. [Conclusions] The adaptability of bank protection engineering in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the coupling effects of multiple factors， and structural stability depends not only on the properties of the revetment itself but also on river regime evolution， hydrological conditions， and maintenance practices. For reaches subjected to severe scouring and strong flow attacks， rigid-flexible combined structures with high erosion resistance should be preferentially adopted， whereas ecological revetments with good permeability and environmental compatibility are more suitable for relatively stable reaches. Compared with traditional structures， new ecological revetments integrating structural stability and ecological functions exhibit better comprehensive adaptability， among which ecological concrete shows great development potential. The proposed multi-dimensional evaluation framework enables a systematic comparison of different revetment types and provides a new analytical approach for revetment optimization and bank collapse prevention. Future studies should strengthen the integration of bank protection engineering with river regime prediction and intelligent monitoring technologies to improve the long-term adaptability of revetment systems under continuously changing hydrological and sediment conditions.