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长江-鄱阳湖汇流河段近期河道演变特征
Recent River Channel Evolution Characteristics of Confluence Reach of Yangtze River-Poyang Lake
我国最大的淡水湖泊鄱阳湖于湖口汇入长江,长江-鄱阳湖汇流河段演变与江湖水沙关系互为因果。根据近30 a长江-鄱阳湖汇流河段实测水沙数据和水下地形等资料,分析了近期河床演变特征和江湖水沙变化差异。结果表明:①干流河段河势总体稳定,仅张家洲洲头、张北水道进口段及官洲洲头存在年际间一定幅度的崩退和淤长;张北水道进口段深泓摆动显著,最大摆幅达900 m,张南水道进口段及官洲洲尾存在幅度<400 m的深泓摆动。②张家洲入汇河段“两岸淤积、中泓冲刷”,张北水道中上段“左淤右冲”,下段冲淤交替,张南水道内除官洲总体淤长之外,总体以冲刷为主,最大冲深8 m,冲刷强度高于鄱阳湖通江水道区。③2003年以来,干流来水来沙减幅不平衡特征(减幅分别为10.6%和70%)是造成张家洲河段以冲刷为主的主要因素,自然节点控制和湖区采砂是湖口以下河段局部水沙分布异常的重要原因,干流与湖区冲刷差异会影响鄱阳湖保水能力。
[Objectives] This paper aims to analyze the recent river evolution characteristics of the Yangtze River-Poyang Lake confluence section, and to provide reference for the erosion and deposition evolution trend of the river-lake confluence section under the new water and sediment situation. [Methods] By reviewing domestic and international literature, we systematically summarize the historical evolution of the confluence reach of Yangtze River-Poyang Lake. By collecting data on recent topography, typical cross-sectional morphology, distribution of thalweg, shoal shoreline morphology, and changes in erosion and deposition in the confluence reach of Yangtze River-Poyang Lake, we focused on analyzing riverbed evolution in this reach for the past 30 years. Besides, we explored the factors influencing recent channel evolution in this reach, focusing on changes in water and sediment inflow, the impact of node control, channel regulation projects, and artificial sand mining in the lake area. [Results] Recent river evolution characteristics include: (1) The river regime of the mainstream was generally stable, and only the head of Zhangjiazhou, Zhangbei waterway inlet section and the head of Guanzhou had a certain degree of inter-annual collapse and siltation. The thalweg swing of the inlet section of Zhangbei waterway was significant, and the maximum swing was 900 m. The thalweg swing of the inlet section of Zhangnan waterway and the end of Guanzhou was less than 400 m. (2) The middle and upper sections of the Zhangbei waterway were silted up on the left bank and scoured on the right bank, and the lower section was alternately scoured and silted. In addition to the overall siltation of Guanzhou, the whole Zhangnan waterway was mainly scoured. The maximum scour depth was 8 m, and the scour intensity was higher than that of Poyang Lake. (3) After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the sharp decrease (-70%) of sediment from the main stream was the main factor causing the erosion of the Zhangjiazhou reach. The natural node control and sand mining in the lake area are important reasons for the abnormal distribution of local water and sediment in the lower reaches of the lake. The difference in erosion between the mainstream and the lake area will affect the water retention capacity of Poyang Lake. [Conclusions] We systematically sorted out the recent river evolution characteristics and influencing factors of the confluence section of Yangtze River-Poyang Lake. This deepens the understanding of the river evolution law of the confluence section of large-scale lakes connected to the Yangtze River under the comprehensive influence of new water and sediment conditions and manual intervention.
长江 / 鄱阳湖 / 张家洲河段 / 江湖关系 / 河道演变 / 冲刷 / 淤积
Yangtze River / Poyang Lake / Zhangjiazhou reach / river-lake relation / channle evolution / scouring / deposition
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受强人类活动和极端洪旱气候等因素综合影响,长江中下游江湖水沙情势、冲淤分布及江湖关系等均发生改变。三峡水库蓄水后,长江中下游干流年均输沙量大幅减少,减幅达70%~93%,年内流量过程总体有所坦化,但汛后因水库群蓄水而退水速率加快;洞庭湖四水及荆江三口年均入湖径流量无明显变化,入湖沙量呈减少趋势,入湖年均水、沙量分别减少了9%和38%;鄱阳湖五河年均入湖水、沙量分别减少了2%和57%,出湖年均水、沙量分别增多了1%和5%。水沙过程的改变引起长江中下游冲淤格局变化,2003—2021年长江中下游河段累计冲刷50.3亿m<sup>3</sup>,年均冲刷量2.65亿m<sup>3</sup>;洞庭湖区由淤积转为微冲,荆江三口洪道以冲刷为主;鄱阳湖区总体上由淤转冲,入江水道冲刷下切明显。未来30 a长江中下游干流河道仍将保持冲刷态势,至2050年末宜昌至大通河段、荆江三口洪道累计冲刷量分别为35.8亿m<sup>3</sup>和1.17亿m<sup>3</sup>,洞庭湖区呈微淤状态,鄱阳湖区呈微冲状态。基于长江中下游江湖冲淤新格局,从防洪、供水、航运、生态及涉水建筑物安全等5个方面,较为系统地阐述了江湖演变的影响效应,并针对性地提出了若干对策和建议。
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芜裕河段位于长江下游,是连接长三角城市群的重要纽带。三峡水库蓄水运行后该河段河床冲刷剧烈,洲滩格局相应调整,研究新水沙条件下芜裕河段的河势演变规律,对长江下游河段的保护与治理具有重要的理论和实践意义。基于芜裕河段多年实测数据,分析了三峡工程蓄水前后该河段河道演变的基本规律,并对其影响因素进行了探讨分析。结果表明:近期芜裕河段河势总体稳定,河床以冲刷为主,洲滩头部冲刷后退,急弯段和多汊段分别出现“凸冲凹淤”和“短支汊发展”的新特征;上游潜洲右汊发展、分流量增大以及中枯水历时增加导致的主流撇弯是急弯段“凸冲凹淤”的主要原因;“短支汊发展”的驱动因素则可归因于陈家洲多汊段左汊分流比增加,进而加剧陈捷水道、曹捷水道两短汊道冲刷。
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江丰, 齐述华, 廖富强, 等. 2001—2010年鄱阳湖采砂规模及其水文泥沙效应[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(5):837-845.
在长江主河道采砂行为于2000年全面禁止之后,受中国长江中下游房产建筑行业的砂石需求的驱动,大量采砂船转移到鄱阳湖采砂,这种规模化的采砂行为对鄱阳湖的水文环境产生的影响还缺乏定量研究。本研究通过利用地形数据、水文数据和卫星遥感数据,分析了鄱阳湖2001-2010年的采砂场的空间分布和采砂量,定量分析了采砂行为对鄱阳湖水文和泥沙的影响。研究结果表明：① 2001-2007年鄱阳湖采砂船主要集中于松门山以北的通江河道,2007年以后采砂行为扩张到鄱阳湖中部;② 2001-2010年间,鄱阳湖采砂面积范围大约为260.4 km<sup>2</sup>,挖沙平均深度4.95 m,采砂量达到1.29×10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>或2154 Mt,体积上相当于使鄱阳湖库容增加了6.5%,重量上相当于1955-2010年以来鄱阳湖自然沉积量的6.5倍;③ 鄱阳湖采砂通过扩大通江河道的过水断面面积,加快了湖水注入长江速率,是引起近年来鄱阳湖秋冬季枯水期提前、枯水期延长的主要原因之一;④ 鄱阳湖采砂过程中通过挖沙、洗沙使沙场附近的水体含沙量增加、水体透明度降低,从而影响长江河道的泥沙平衡。
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<p>Sand mining has been practiced in rivers, lakes, harbors and coastal areas in recent years in China mostly because of the increasing demand for building materials in construction industry. Sand mining in Poyang Lake has been intensified since 2001 because such practice was banned in the Yangtze River and profitable. Meanwhile, the decline of water level of the Poyang Lake has aroused much more attention from researchers. The decline has been ascribed to a decrease in precipitation in Poyang Lake watershed, attenuation of congestion effect because of the Three Gorges Project and sand mining in the Poyang Lake.</p> <p>In this study, we analyzed the magnitude of sand mining in Poyang Lake using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from two periods and sand vessels distribution detected by remote sensing images. Another two Landsat images were used to evaluate the morphologic change compared with natural sedimentation, inundation extent and shoreline shape. And a hydrological dataset including water level, water discharge rate and sediment content for a long time series were used to analyze the hydrological effect and sediment effect from sand mining. Results showed that: (1) sand mining region was mainly distributed in northern Poyang Lake before 2007, but was extended into the central region and even to the channels of major tributary rivers into the Poyang Lake; (2) the area of sand mining was about 260.4 km<sup>2</sup>. The magnitude of sand mining in Poyang Lake was about 2,154.3 Mt or 1.29×10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup> during 2000-2010 with the assumption of sand bulk density of 1.67 t m<sup>-3</sup>. It is almost 6.5 times of the natural sedimentation in volume during 1955-2010; (3) sand mining affected the hydrologic regimes including increased areas of water discharge sections and water turbidity. Sand mining could be one of the most important factors that caused the decline of water level of Poyang Lake in drought season. It also affected the sediment pattern of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.</p>
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齐述华, 熊梦雅, 廖富强, 等. 人类活动对鄱阳湖泥沙收支平衡的影响[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(6):888-894.
以鄱阳湖流域内的赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水（五河）和鄱阳湖为研究对象,利用水文控制站的水文资料,分析了各流域内主要河流的入湖泥沙和鄱阳湖出湖泥沙特征,对鄱阳湖泥沙收支平衡进行了分析。结果表明：① 1955~2010年五河总入湖泥沙811.69 Mt,其中赣江（占59.7%）>信江（占13.7%）>修河（占10.2%）>抚河（占9.7%）>饶河（占6.7%）;② 径流量是影响入湖输沙量的最主要因素,入湖泥沙与入湖径流的季节特征一致;③ 水库的蓄水拦沙作用是五河入湖泥沙下降的主要原因,但水库对入湖泥沙的影响强度与水库库容和集水区的植被覆盖状况有关;植被覆盖变化对赣江、抚河、饶河和修河的入湖输沙量的影响明显;④ 1955~2010年,鄱阳湖总出湖泥沙560.10 Mt,其中1955~2000年出湖泥沙量呈降低趋势,但受鄱阳湖采砂影响,2001年以来出湖泥沙显著增加;丰水季长江水对鄱阳湖的顶托和倒灌,使出湖泥沙与出湖径流在时间上不同步;三峡工程的运行改变了（长）江（鄱阳）湖之间的水动力关系,长江倒灌泥沙显著减少;⑤ 受鄱阳湖采砂的影响,鄱阳湖泥沙平衡系统由净沉积转变为净侵蚀,1955~2000年入湖泥沙大于出湖泥沙,年均泥沙沉积约为1.41 mm;2001~2010年出湖泥沙大于入湖泥沙,加上采砂输出沙量,2001~2010年鄱阳湖泥沙净减少2 213.65 Mt。
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Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China. The sediments disposition is important in providing medium for wetland vegetation and benthic animals. In this article, the water discharge and sediment content gauged by the hydrostations in the main five tributaries(named as the Ganjiang River, the Fuhe River, the Xinjiang River, the Raohe River and the Xiuhe River) in Poyang Lake Basin were used to investigate the sediment budget in Poyang Lake. The following results was showed: 1) The total sediments loaded into Poyang lake from the five tributaries was about 811.69 Mt during 1955-2010, in which the Ganjiang River accounted for 59.7%, the Xinjiang River accounted for 13.7%, the Xiuhe River accouted for 10.2%, the Fuhe River accounted for 9.7 and the Raohe River accounted for 6.7%; 2) The annual sediments loaded into Poyang lake was mainly decided by water discharged into Poyang Lake. And the inputted sediments were synchronized to the water discharge seasonally. 3) Sediments loaded into Poyang Lake decreased sharply caused by reservoir interception, though forest coverage changes also contribute to the decrease of sediments; 4) The total sediments loaded into the Changjiang River from Poyang Lake was about 560.10 Mt in 1955-2010. And it showed a decreasing trend during 1955-2000, but the trend was interupted by the practice of sand mining in the new century; 5) Affected by the backflow from the Changjiang River in flood period, sediments loaded into the Changjiang River were asynchronous with water discharge seasonally. And the sediments loaded by the backflow from the Changjiang River was reduced dramatically because of the emplacement of Three Gorges Dam; 6) The sediments budget in Poyang Lake was changed by sand mining. Sediments deposit was estimated about 1.41 mm/a during 1955-2000, but outputted sediments showed greater than the inputted sediments during 2001-2010 beceause of the practice of sand mining. |
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姚仕明, 胡呈维, 渠庚, 等. 长江通江湖泊演变及其影响效应研究进展[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2022, 39(9): 15-23.
在广泛查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,对长江中下游两大通江湖泊洞庭湖与鄱阳湖水沙输移规律、冲淤演变规律及对洪枯调控功能的影响这3个方面的研究进展进行了总结分析,并对当前研究中存在的不足提出了今后应加强的内容,主要包括:①自然和人为影响下两湖演变机制量化揭示,包括资料匮乏时期两湖的演变过程、各种自然因素对两湖冲淤演变的影响的识别、人类活动加剧时期两湖的自然冲淤过程等;②两湖未来长历时、大范围冲淤情势变化趋势预测,实现从两湖泥沙淤积总量预测到淤积时空分布格局变化预测转变;③两湖演变对洪枯调控功能影响的指标化评估,包括表征湖泊洪枯调控功能的指标研究及其与两湖未来不同冲淤情景的响应关系等方面。
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On the basis of extensive review of relevant literatures in China and abroad, we summarize and analyse the research progresses on three hot issues concerning two river-connecting lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, namely, the Dongting Lake and the Poyang Lake. Such issues include: water and sediment transport law, erosion and deposition evolution law, and their impacts on flood/dry regulation function. We also put forward such aspects to be strengthened corresponding to the shortcomings of current research as follows: 1) the quantitative evolution mechanism of the two lakes under natural and human influences, including the evolution of the two lakes in the period of scarce data, identification of the impact of natural factors on the erosion/deposition of the two lakes, and the natural erosion/deposition of the two lakes in the period of intensified human activities, etc; 2) forecasting the trend of long-term and wide-range erosion and deposition of the two lakes, transforming from total sediment deposition forecast of the two lakes to prediction of spatio-temporal distribution pattern of sediment deposition; 3) indicative assessment of the impact of the evolution of the two lakes on flood/dry regulation function, including indicators characterizing the flood/dry regulation function of the lakes and their responses to different scouring and silting scenarios in the future.
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