针对小微表面流人工湿地营养盐去除效率时空异质性内在机制及水生植物根际效应调控作用尚不明晰等科学问题，依托某湿地为研究对象，通过水质检测与微生物高通量测序，系统解析氮磷去除时空分布特征及微生物驱动机制，阐明基质类型与植物根际对微生物群落组成及其代谢潜力调控机制。结果表明，总氮去除率呈显著季节差异（夏75.6%>秋64.9%>春54.3%>冬21.9%），该过程与功能菌群演替及代谢潜力变化紧密相关，春夏季显著富集科萨克氏菌、芽孢杆菌、 新草螺菌、Ellin6067、厌氧黏细菌等氮循环功能菌，氮代谢潜力显著高于秋冬季。总磷去除率受微生物作用与吸附沉降作用协同调控，呈现季节性变化（夏74.9%>春65.6%>秋59.8%>冬46.7%），微生物作用影响季节波动，表现为春夏季显著富集马赛菌、芽孢杆菌、糖单孢菌、芽单胞菌等磷循环功能菌，磷代谢潜力显著高于秋冬季。空间维度呈现氮磷代谢潜力稳定性，基质类型（砾石/非根际土壤/根际土壤）显著改变菌群组成，但氮磷代谢潜力基质间无显著差异，为小微湿地特定尺度下弱化根际边界效应和功能冗余维持代谢稳态机制提供了实证依据。据此提出前置除磷单元、降低水生植物配置精细度、定向接种氮磷功能菌群、强化水温和pH值调控等优化建议。

[Objective] The intrinsic mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of nutrient removal efficiency and the regulatory role of aquatic plant rhizosphere effects in micro-scale surface flow constructed wetlands （SFCWs） remain unclear. This study aims to address the following issues： （1） Elucidate the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） removal efficiency； （2） Reveal the correlation mechanisms among microbial community structure， metabolic potential， and N/P removal； and （3） Evaluate the effects of the plant rhizosphere and three typical plant species on microbial community structure and N/P metabolic potential， providing a basis for the design and maintenance of micro-scale SFCWs. [Method] Using a specific wetland as a case study， water quality monitoring and high-throughput microbial sequencing were employed to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of N/P removal and their microbial driving mechanisms. The regulatory mechanisms of substrate types and plant rhizospheres on microbial community composition and metabolic potential were also clarified. [Results] （1） The ammonia nitrogen removal rate remained stable （89.3%-95.8%）， while the total nitrogen removal rate exhibited seasonal variation： summer （75.6%） > autumn （64.9%） > spring （54.3%） > winter （21.9%）. This process was closely related to the succession of functional bacterial communities and changes in metabolic potential. N-cycling functional bacteria， including Kosakonia， Bacillus， Noviherbaspirillum， Ellin6067， and Anaeromyxobacter， were significantly enriched in spring and summer， resulting in significantly higher N metabolic potential compared to autumn and winter. （2） The total phosphorus removal rate， co-regulated by microbial action and adsorption/sedimentation， showed seasonal variation （summer 74.9% > spring 65.6% > autumn 59.8% > winter 46.7%）. Microbial influence on seasonal fluctuations was evidenced by the significant enrichment of P-cycling functional bacteria， such as Massilia， Bacillus， Saccharimonadales， and Gemmatimonas， in spring and summer， with P metabolic potential significantly higher than in autumn and winter. （3） Spatially， N/P metabolic potential demonstrated stability. Although substrate types （gravel， non-rhizosphere soil， and rhizosphere soil） significantly altered bacterial community composition， no significant differences in N/P metabolic potential were observed among substrates. This provides empirical evidence for the weakened rhizosphere boundary effect and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis via functional redundancy at specific scales in micro-scale wetlands. [Conclusion] In space-constrained SFCWs with low pollution loads， water temperature dominates the biochemical reaction rates of N/P transformation. Alkaline pH and an appropriate increase in total nitrogen concentration synergistically promote P removal. Microbial community distribution is influenced by nutrient substrates and environmental factors. Based on these findings， the following optimization strategies are proposed： （1） Install a pre-treatment unit for total phosphorus at the inlet to mitigate the risk of endogenous release caused by substrate saturation； （2） Utilize aquatic plant root systems to promote the enrichment and spread of denitrifying bacteria， while reducing the reliance on precise plant species configuration； （3） Based on the succession characteristics of functional bacteria， apply targeted inoculation of highly efficient microbial agents for N/P removal； and （4） Maintain stable system operation through water temperature regulation， pH optimization， and nutrient load management.