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鱼类下行行为特征及水动力需求研究进展
Research Progress on Fish Downstream Migration Characteristics and Hydrodynamic Requirements
水利工程阻隔了鱼类洄游通道,使鱼类下行受到影响。为保障鱼类安全有效下行,掌握鱼类下行行为特征及水动力需求是下行过鱼通道设计的基础和关键。通过对比国内外下行目标鱼类特点,梳理了主要下行鱼类的行为特征;归纳了目标鱼类下行对水动力条件响应的研究成果,总结了鱼类安全高效下行所需的水动力条件;进一步分析了过鱼旁路、水轮机、集运鱼系统等下行过鱼通道设计时,对鱼类下行水动力需求的考虑及相应的改进措施。目前国内外多以幼鱼为研究对象,以原位试验与室内试验为主、数值模拟为辅的技术手段,探索鱼类下行对水动力条件的偏好。未来可围绕鱼类下行特点、下行行为方式转换机制及安全下行的水动力条件,开展成鱼及不同鱼种的深入研究,建立鱼类安全下行的水动力需求数据库,加强下行过鱼通道的设计及过鱼效果的监测与评估,促进水利工程与鱼类保护的协同发展。
[Objective] Ensuring safe and efficient downstream fish passage for hydraulic engineering structures remains a critical and less-solved challenge in eco-hydraulics. This review aims to systematically synthesize global research on the behavioral characteristics and hydrodynamic requirements of fish during downstream migration. The primary objectives are: (1) to consolidate the known hydrodynamic thresholds (e.g., velocity, turbulence, shear stress) for various fish species; (2) to evaluate the design and efficacy of different downstream passage facilities in relation to these hydrodynamic needs; and (3) to propose an integrated framework for future research and facility design that moves beyond single-parameter approaches to a holistic “fish-flow system” perspective.[Methods] Literature Synthesis and Categorization: literature was categorized along three primary themes: (1) empirical studies on fish behavior (e.g., active vs. passive descent) in response to hydrodynamic factors (velocity, turbulence, shear, acceleration, pressure); (2) technological assessments of different downstream passage facilities (bypasses, turbines, fish collection systems, specialized channels); and (3) advancements in research methodologies, encompassing in-situ field monitoring, laboratory flume experiments, and numerical modeling techniques like Computational Fluid Dynamics and individual-based models. Comparative Analysis and Critical Evaluation: quantitative data (e.g., preference velocity thresholds, injury limits) was synthesized into consolidated summaries (Table 1) and the strengths, weaknesses, and operational challenges of different passage technologies were assessed. Special attention was paid to inconsistencies, research gaps, and the applicability of findings across different fish species and geographies. [Results] 1) First, fish downstream behavior is systematically categorized into active descent (head-first, efficient) and passive descent (counter-current, inefficient), with transitions between these states triggered by specific hydrodynamic conditions. Preference and injury thresholds for critical hydrodynamic parameters have been quantified for several species. For instance, juvenile grass carp exhibit a preference velocity of 0.19-0.49 m/s, while Atlantic salmon smolts prefer 0.38-0.73 m/s. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) below 0.03 m2/s2 is generally preferred, with higher TKE leading to disorientation and inefficient passage. Crucially, injury thresholds for shear strain rate vary significantly among species, from 500 s-1 for trout to 2 179 s-1 for juvenile Chinese carps. Similarly, pressure change gradients exceeding 50 kPa/s during descent or 15 kPa/s during ascent can cause barotrauma. 2) The critical evaluation of passage facilities reveals distinct performance profiles. Surface-oriented bypasses and specialized downstream channels (e.g., fish slides) generally offer a higher survival rate by leveraging fish surface-orientation and providing low-turbulence pathways. Despite improvements that can increase fish survival rates to over 97% in fish-friendly turbines, they still represent the highest-risk passage route compared to alternative passage routes. Collection and transportation systems are effective for high dams and complex terrain conditions, but require intensive operational maintenance and incur high costs. 3) One of the most significant result of this review is the proposal of an innovative, three-dimensional framework for defining and designing hydrodynamic conditions for downstream passage. This framework posits that effective passage requires the simultaneous satisfaction of three interconnected criteria: Necessity, Safety, and Timeliness. Necessity: Hydrodynamic conditions (e.g., specific “preference velocities” and “low-turbulence windows”) that actively attract fish and initiate downstream movement into the facility. Safety: Conditions that prevent injury or mortality, defined by rigid thresholds for damaging forces (e.g., shear strain rate, pressure gradient) throughout the entire passage route. Timeliness: Conditions that promote efficient and timely passage by minimizing behavioral delays (e.g., “non-direct descent” caused by adverse acceleration flows), ensuring fish are not energetically depleted or exposed to predators for extended periods. [Conclusion] Prevailing approach often focuses on isolated hydrodynamic parameters, which is insufficient for designing highly effective downstream passage facilities. The path forward requires a paradigm shift towards an integrated “fish-flow system” approach, as embodied by the proposed Necessity-Safety-Timeliness (N-S-T) framework. The ideal downstream passage is not merely a conduit with non-lethal hydraulic conditions; it is a system where the entrance flow (Necessity) seamlessly connects with a guiding, efficient internal flow (Timeliness), all while rigorously excluding hazardous forces (Safety). Future research can prioritize: (1) multi-factorial studies that explore the synergistic effects of coupled hydrodynamic parameters on fish behavior; (2) expanded research on adult fish and a wider range of non-salmond species, particularly those prevalent in Asian rivers; (3) the systematic development of a comprehensive, open-access database of hydrodynamic requirements; and (4) the integration of advanced monitoring technologies (e.g., AI-powered sonar, drones) and predictive numerical models for both design optimization and post-construction evaluation. By adopting this holistic perspective, the goal of harmonizing hydropower generation with sustainable fish conservation becomes increasingly attainable.
鱼类下行行为 / 水动力条件 / 下行过鱼通道 / 鱼类友好型水轮机 / 鱼类运动模型
fish downstream migration behavior / hydrodynamic characteristics / downstream fish passage / fish-friendly turbine / fish movement model
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To conserve downstream migratory fish, a variety of fish passage facilities have been built in view of the specific operating characteristics and the needs of fish conservation when building dams and weirs. In this paper we first briefly introduce measures frequently adopted to help downstream migratory fish pass a dam through spillway, turbine, fishway, fish transportation system and ship lock, etc. In subsequence we introduce in details the new technologies in foreign countries developing passage facilities for downstream migratory fish such as surface collector, full-depth fish gathering technology, bypass, fish trap-transportation system, fish-friendly turbine and auxiliary technologies. Finally we propose that we should learn the experiences from developed countries to meet the great needs of downstream migratory fish to passage dams in China, particularly fish gathering and fish guiding technologies. Meanwhile, China will need to develop fundamental research and make breakthroughs in the area of fish passage.
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我国目前处于水电开发建设的高峰时期,生态环境保护问题受到高度重视。人们对河流资源的开发利用阻隔了鱼类自由迁徙的洄游通道,大大影响了鱼类赖以生存的环境,亟需发展洄游通道和鱼类生境的恢复技术来加以保护。阐述了鱼类洄游通道和生境恢复的重要意义,总结了该类技术在我国的研究现状和发展过程,指出了我国鱼类洄游通道技术发展面临的主要问题和挑战。通过对21世纪以来(特别是最近5 a)国家自然科学基金资助的相关项目及研究成果分析,指明了目前我国鱼类洄游通道和生境恢复技术的主要努力方向,包括:①各种典型鱼类的生活习性和游泳行为能力;②鱼类种群分布及生境因子影响规律;③水电开发对鱼类生境因子的影响规律;④洄游通道和生存环境恢复措施及过鱼效果验证。
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As China is now in the peak of hydropower development and construction,ecological environment protection has received great attentions. The exploitation and utilization of river resources have obstructed the migration passages of fishes, greatly affecting the environment in which fishes live. It is urgent to develop migration passages and habitat restoration techniques. This paper presents the significance of fish migration passages and habitat restoration, outlines the research status and development process of the techniques, and points out the main problems and challenges of technology development for fish passages in China. By summarizing relevant projects and research results supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China since the 21st Century (especially in the recent 5 years), we present the main research directions of migration passages and habitat restoration techniques in China: 1) living habits and swimming ability of typical fishes; 2) influence of fish population distribution and habitat factors; 3) influence of hydropower development on habitat factors; 4) measures of fish passage and living habitat restoration and the verification of their effects.
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解析鱼类上溯过程中的游泳行为及其对鱼道水力学条件的响应是优化鱼道设计、提高鱼类上溯效率和成功率的关键。本文以异齿裂腹鱼为研究对象，通过将流场、紊动能场、应变率场与鱼类上溯及折返轨迹相叠加，分析各水力学因子对折返行为及重新上溯的影响，并结合鱼类上溯过程中的能量消耗率进一步探讨折返行为的内在原因。结果表明：鱼类在上溯过程中普遍存在折返行为，其折返行为大多是为了搜寻合适的上溯路径。鱼道流速是引发折返行为的主导因素，鱼类折返行为集中发生在高流速区域，折返后倾向于选取低流速区域重新上溯；紊动能在折返运动导向方面有显著贡献，鱼类趋向于从低紊动能区域折返，并选择较高紊动能区域重新上溯；水流应变率对鱼类折返行为的影响相对较小。鱼类上溯轨迹点处的水力因子与能量消耗率相关性分析表明，高能量消耗和生理压力是引发折返行为的内在原因。
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Analyzing the swimming behavior of fish during upstream migration and its response to the hydraulic conditions of fishway is the key to optimizing fishway design and improving the upstream efficiency and success rate of fish. Taking <em>Schizothorax o’connori</em> as the research object, we analyzed the influence of each hydraulic factor on the reentry behavior and renewed upstream migration by combining the flow field, turbulent kinetic energy field and strain rate field with the upstream migration or reentry trajectories of fish together. We further explored the underlying causes of reentry behavior by combining the energy consumption rate of fish during upstream migration. The results showed that fish had general reentry behavior during upstream migration, and most of its reentry behavior was to search for a suitable path of upstream migration. The velocity of fishway was the dominant factor triggering the reentry behavior. The reentry behavior of fish was concentrated in the high velocity regions. After reentry, the fish tended to select low velocity regions to renew upstream migration. The turbulent kinetic energy had a significant contribution to the direction of reentry movement. Fish tended to return from lower turbulent kinetic energy regions, and selected higher turbulent kinetic energy regions to renew upstream migration. The strain rate had a relatively minor effect on the reentry behavior. Results of correlation analysis between the hydraulic factors and the energy consumption rate at the track points of upstream migration indicated that the high energy consumption and physiological stress were the internal causes that triggered the reentry behavior.
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罗凯强, 康昭君, 夏威, 等. 鱼道进口不同补水形式对齐口裂腹鱼上溯行为的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2019, 38(4): 1182-1191.
修建补水设施是提高鱼道过鱼效果的有效措施之一，不同补水形式如何改变鱼的游泳行为策略从而吸引其进入鱼道进口是国内外关注热点。本研究基于鱼道进口概化模型，以齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）为研究对象，采用进口内部侧面补水、旁道补水和旁道顶部补水3种形式，探究不同流量和补水距离下补水方式对鱼道进口附近处目标鱼上溯行为的影响。结果表明：与没有补水的工况相比，补水距离为1 m的旁道补水和补水距离为0.65 m的旁道顶部补水，鱼类在鱼道进口通过次数显著提升（P<0.05）。通过提取目标鱼成功上溯路径上对应的水流速度场和紊动场发现，齐口裂腹鱼上溯偏好流速0.6～0.8 m·s<sup>-1</sup>，优先选择低紊动区（0.01 m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>-2</sup>），且明显逃离高紊动区（>0.04 m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>-2</sup>）进行上溯。本研究验证了紊动能和流速是影响鱼类上溯的重要水力因子，为鱼道进口补水设计及其优化提供了重要参考。
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The construction of water supply facility is one of the effective ways to improve the fishway efficiency. How different forms of water supply change the swimming strategy of fish and attract them to enter the fishway entrance is a hot topic. In this study, the migration behavior of <em>Schizothorax prenanti</em> was examined under three water supply conditions with different distances and discharges by designing a generalized model of a fishway entrance. The results showed that compared with the condition without water supply, fish passage rate was significantly improved (<em>P</em><0.05) under the water supply by bypass channel with a horizontal distance of 1 m to the fishway entrance and another bypass channel in which the water flowed down from top with a horizontal distance of 0.65 m to the fishway entrance. By extracting the corresponding velocity field and turbulence field on the path of the successfully traced fish, the preferred flow velocity area of <em>Schizothorax prenanti</em>was from 0.6 to 0.8 m·s<sup>-1</sup> and they would escape from the high turbulence (greater than 0.04 m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>-2</sup>). The low turbulence area (0.01 m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>-2</sup>) was preferentially selected by fish for going upstream. This study verifies that the turbulent kinetic energy and velocity are important hydraulic factors affecting fish migration and provides reference for design and optimization of fishway entrance supply water.
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Development of more eco-friendly hydroelectric facilities requires better understanding of the biological response of juvenile fish when they migrate through the turbines and other downstream passage facilities. Juvenile fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were exposed to turbulent shear flows in a laboratory by using a fast-fish-to-slow-water mechanism in which test fish were carried by the fast-moving water of a submerged turbulent jet into the slow-moving water of a flume. Fish were released at six nozzle velocities: 6.1 (reference control), 12.2, 15.2, 18.3, 21.3, and 22.9 m/s. The onset of minor and major injuries occurred at 15.2 and 21.3 m/s, respectively. The acceleration magnitude threshold (m/s2) of major injury for the fast-fish-to-slow-water mechanism in this study was found to be significantly higher than that for a slow-fish-to-fast-water mechanism used in a previous study in which test fish were introduced into a turbulent jet from slow-moving water through an introduction tube placed just outside the edge of the jet. Fish responded differently and sustained different injuries when they were subjected to turbulent shear flows under the two exposure mechanisms. This information is applicable to the design and operation of turbines and spillways because these two tested mechanisms simulate the severe hydraulic events fish usually experience during passage at hydropower dams.
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A proportion of juvenile Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschaand other salmonids travel through one or more turbines during their seaward migration in the Columbia and Snake rivers. There is limited information on how these fish respond to the hydraulic pressures found during turbine passage events. We exposed juvenile Chinook salmon to varied acclimation pressures and subsequent exposure pressures to mimic the hydraulic pressures of large Kaplan turbines. Additionally, we varied abiotic (total dissolved gas and rate of pressure change) and biotic factors (condition factor, fish length, and fish weight) that may contribute to the incidence of mortal injury associated with fish passage through hydropower turbines. We determined that the main factor associated with the mortal injury of juvenile Chinook salmon during simulated turbine passage was the ratio between the acclimation pressure and the lowest exposure pressure. Condition factor, total dissolved gas, and rate of pressure change were found to only slightly increase the predictive power of the equations relating the probability of mortal injury to the conditions of exposure or the characteristics of the test fish during simulated turbine passage. This research should assist engineers and fisheries managers in operating and improving hydroelectric facilities while minimizing mortality and injury to turbine‐passed juvenile Chinook salmon. Using these data, models can be built that might determine how much mortal injury is present at different turbine operations as pressures change. Further, pressure data coupled with the mortal injury data should be useful to engineers and turbine manufacturers when designing new turbines, which could not only increase power generation and efficiency but also minimize barotrauma to the fish that pass through them.
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近几年来随着人们对环保问题的重视，水力机械应用中对自然界鱼类损伤的问题逐渐引起了人们的关注。采用由压力容器、真空泵和空气压缩机组成的管路系统模拟水力机械内压力变化过程，采用由压力传感器、放大电路、A/D数模转换卡和计算机组成的数据采集系统测量压力时间变化，观察并解剖分析压力梯度对鱼造成损伤的情况。通过研究发现负压状态下的压力梯度会对鱼的生存构成威胁，并得到了水力机械内对鱼类通过安全的压力梯度极限值，为新型环保的水力机械的设计提供了参考数据。
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The aluminum (Al)/steel transition joints used in ships are processed from composite plates, and their mechanical properties have a significant impact on the safety of ships. In this paper, the Al/steel composite plate was prepared using rolling, with 5083 aluminum plate as the cladding plate, Q235 steel plate as the substrate, and TA1 titanium (Ti) plate and DT4 pure iron (Fe) plate as the intermediate layers. The heterothermic billet was prepared through induction heating by the magnetic effects of the steel plate and the pure Fe plate, and then the Al/steel composite plate was obtained by rolling. The impacts of post-rolling cooling process on the microstructure and properties of the Al/Ti/pure Fe/steel composite plate were studied. The results manifested that the pure Fe/steel interface had a good composite effect. With the increase in the cooling rate, the bonding strength of the Al/Ti interface was raised, and that of the Ti/Fe interface was increased first and then decreased. When the oil cooling process was adopted, the Al/Ti/pure Fe/steel composite plate exhibited the highest comprehensive performance. The shear strength of the Al/Ti interface and the Ti/Fe interface was 102 MPa and 186 MPa, respectively. The plastic fracture was determined as the mode of interface fracture.
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赵文龙, 周大庆, 林奇峰. 基于鱼类友好理念的水轮机改型及特性分析[J]. 中国农村水利水电, 2017(4):177-179,183.
在越发重视生态保护的今天，水轮机过鱼时减少和消除对鱼类损伤的能力已成为是否环境友好的重要指标。本研究基于国内某电站轴流式水轮机的设计参数建立模型，并基于鱼类友好理念对原始模型进行几何形状改进。运用CFD数值模拟方法，在同一工况下分别将模型的导叶、轮毂、轮缘、转轮室进出口进行单一改型以及将整合所有改型方式后的模型与原始模型进行水力性能对比，得出导叶改型后效率降低1.76%，出力提升0.02 kW；轮毂和转轮室进出口改型后效率和出力基本不变；而轮缘改型后效率提升2.18%且出力增加0.07 kW；整合改型后的模型效率下降3.11%，出力降低0.05 kW。
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The ability to reduce and eliminate the damage to fishes passing through the hydroturbine has become an important indicator to judge whether the hydroturbine is environmental-friendly. This paper established the original scaled Kaplan hydroturbine model and modified the geometry of the original model passages such as guide vanes、the hub、the shroud、the runner chamber based on the fish-friendly concept. The CFD numerical simulation has been conducted under the different schemes of the sole and integrated passage modifications, and compared with the original model test results under the same condition. In conclusion, the efficiency decreases 1.76% and the output increased 0.02 kW after the modification of guide vane, and the efficiency and the output were almost unchanged after the modification of hub and runner chamber. However, the modification of shroud enhanced the efficiency of 2.18% and increased the output. After the integration of all modifications, the efficiency declined 3.11% and the output decreased 0.05 kW.
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