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流动水条件下单一裂隙注浆扩散机理研究
Grouting Diffusion Mechanism in a Single Fracture under Flowing Water Conditions
南方某水封石油洞库工程,在开挖阶段遭遇了严重的涌水问题,给注浆施工带来了极大的挑战。目前,单一裂隙动态水流条件下的注浆扩散机理尚不明确。为了解决这一难题,采用有限元方法开展了裂隙开度、注浆压力、动水流速和裂隙边界范围等因素对浆液扩散演进机制的影响研究。结果表明:①裂隙倾角增大对浆液扩散具有抑制作用;②浆液扩散达到稳定状态所需的时间会随着边界范围的增大而增加,随着注浆压力的增大而减小;③浆液的扩散距离与边界范围和动水流速成反比,与裂隙开度和注浆压力成正比,且4种因素对浆液在裂隙中封堵效率影响权重从大到小依次为:裂隙开度>动水流速>注浆压力>边界范围。此结果为该地区水封洞库注浆工程提供有效的指导依据。
[Objective] Existing grouting theories and engineering experience are mostly based on hydrostatic or weakly flowing water conditions, making it difficult to accurately describe the diffusion and evolution characteristics of grout under dynamic water-flow environments. It is necessary to systematically reveal the diffusion mechanisms of grout in water-flowing fractures so as to provide theoretical support for grouting design under complex water inrush conditions in water-sealed caverns. In response to engineering conditions involving stable flowing water in a single fracture, this study aims to: (1) reveal the influence mechanisms of fracture geometric characteristics and construction parameters on grout diffusion behavior; (2) quantitatively analyze the controlling effects of key factors on grout diffusion distance, diffusion time, and sealing efficiency; and (3) clarify the relative importance of different influencing factors in the grouting of water-flowing fractures, thereby providing a basis for optimization of grouting parameters and construction decision-making for water-sealed caverns. [Methods] Based on the grout-water two-phase flow theory, a numerical model of grouting in a single fracture with flowing water was established using the finite element method. Variations in water flow velocity within the fracture and the driving effect of grouting pressure were comprehensively considered, and the diffusion, advection, and deposition processes of grout within the fracture were simulated. Through parametric comparative analysis, the effects of fracture aperture, fracture inclination, grouting pressure, flowing water velocity, and fracture boundary extent on the evolution of grout diffusion were systematically investigated. On this basis, a sealing efficiency index was introduced to comprehensively evaluate the grouting performance under different working conditions. [Results] Under flowing water conditions, the grout diffusion pattern, stabilization time, and final sealing performance within fractures were jointly controlled by multiple coupled factors. (1) Fracture inclination had a significant inhibiting effect on grout diffusion. As the fracture inclination increased, the coupling between the gravitational component and the flowing water direction was enhanced, causing the grout to more easily deviate along the down-dip direction. As a result, the ability of grout to migrate against the water flow was weakened, and the diffusion range was markedly restricted. (2) The time required for grout diffusion to reach a stable state increased significantly with an increase in the extent of the fracture domain, because a larger boundary extent provided a greater seepage space for grout diffusion. In contrast, increasing grouting pressure effectively accelerated the advance of the grout diffusion front and shortened the stabilization time, exhibiting a pronounced accelerating effect. (3) In terms of diffusion distance, the effective diffusion distance of grout was inversely proportional to fracture boundary extent and flowing water velocity. Higher flowing water velocity resulted in stronger scouring and transport effects on the grout, thereby reducing its retention capacity within the fracture. Conversely, increases in fracture aperture and grouting pressure facilitated the grout in overcoming water flow resistance, enabling longer diffusion distances and more sufficient fracture filling. (4) Comparative analysis of the influence degrees of various factors indicated that fracture aperture had the most significant effect on grout sealing efficiency, followed in descending order by flowing water velocity, grouting pressure, and fracture boundary extent. This demonstrated that fracture geometric characteristics and hydrodynamic conditions were the key factors controlling the success or failure of grouting under flowing water conditions. [Conclusion] Overall, in strong flowing water environments, relying solely on increasing grouting pressure does not significantly improve grouting performance, and comprehensive design must be carried out by jointly considering fracture aperture characteristics and groundwater hydrodynamic conditions. For areas with larger fracture apertures and higher flowing water velocities, measures such as staged grouting or advance water reduction should be preferentially adopted to enhance grout retention and sealing capacity within fractures.
静水注浆 / 动水注浆 / 有限元 / 两相流 / 水封洞库 / 扩散机制
hydrostatic grouting / dynamic water grouting / finite element / two-phase flow / water-sealed cavern / diffusion mechanism
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Considered as the best way to store oil, underground oil storage in rock caverns is in urgent need for the national petroleum reserve. Subject to the technical blockade of foreign countries, many large caverns in China are directly undergoing engineering practice with no technical standards or construction standards, posing a great deal of challenges. By sorting out literatures on water-sealed oil storage caverns, we discuss in this paper our theoretical and practical understandings of such key technologies as site selection of water-sealed oil storage caverns, stability of surrounding rock, permeability of surrounding rock, design and application of water curtain system, and seepage control. Current survey, design, and construction are mainly based on the continuum theory and methods, and understanding on rock fissure control is insufficient, resulting in the difficulties of constructing water-sealed caverns. In light of problems in current engineering practice, we suggest that fundamental research should be intensified, summaries and standard compiling should be strengthened, and admittance qualification of the industry should be furthered opened.
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Seepage from sandstone fractures is an important cause of the deterioration of Dazu rock carvings, a world cultural heritage site. Fractures grouting is a traditional and effective way for the treatment of fracture seepage. A modified inorganic and environmental composite material of Metakaolin has been proposed for the grouting in the fractures of Dazu carvings. In this research, laboratory test with a man-made fracture was conducted to study the groutability of this material. By controlling the opening of fracture through two sandstone slates, the grouting procedure and minimum span of the artificial fracture were recorded to study the influence of water-cement ratio, grouting pressure and grouting duration. Results reveal that the minimum width that the slurry can flow into is controlled by the water-cement ratio, grouting pressure and grouting duration. Among the three factors, water-cement ratio plays a dominant role; while increasing the grouting pressure cannot improve the grouting efficiency obviously; raising the water-cement ratio and pressure or extending the grouting duration could improve the groutability of slurry in small fractures.<br/><br/>
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针对以往渗透注浆扩散模型常以水平平板裂隙面为前提,未考虑岩体裂隙面产状对注浆扩散机制的影响问题,选取工程地质灾害处理中常用的水泥-水玻璃双浆液(C-S浆液)为速凝类注浆材料,将C-S浆液流型看成是具有黏度时变性的宾汉流体进行分析。基于流体力学理论及粗糙裂隙等效水力开度的确定方法,同时考虑了浆液自重作用的影响,建立了恒速率注浆条件下反映浆液黏度时空变化的倾斜裂隙注浆扩散模型。在此基础上,推导了浆液扩散区内的黏度及压力时空分布方程,定量确定了注浆压力与注浆时间及浆液扩散距离的关系。最后,借助于室内试验和有限元分析程序,研究了恒速率注浆时不同裂隙面产状下的浆液扩散规律,并将数值模拟结果与理论计算值进行对比,进一步验证了所建立的注浆扩散模型的有效性和合理性。研究成果可为注浆工程速凝类浆液注浆参数的确定提供借鉴。
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With horizontal cracks as the premise, conventional models of penetrative grouting diffusion do not reflect the impact of the occurrence of rock mass cracks on the grouting diffusion mechanism. In view of this, a theoretical diffusion model of grouting in dip cracks at constant grouting rate was established in consideration of the uneven spatial distribution of viscosity based on the theory of fluid mechanics and equivalent hydraulic aperture of rough walled cracks. Quick setting double slurry (cement-sodium silicate slurry), commonly used in engineering geological hazard treatment, was regarded as Bingham liquid with time-dependent behavior of viscosity in static water environment and was chosen as the grouting material. The dead-weight of grouting slurry itself was taken into consideration, Furthermore, the space-time distribution equation of viscosity and pressure in the diffusion region of slurry was derived. And the relations of grouting pressure versus grouting time and grouting diffusion distance were quantitatively determined. Finally, the slurry diffusion characteristics in the presence of different occurrence of cracks at constant grouting rate was studied by means of laboratory tests and finite element analysis procedures. Comparison between numerical simulation results and theoretical calculations verified the validity and rationality of the theoretical model. The results may be constructive to the determination of grouting parameters of quick setting slurry in practical engineering.
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