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人工运河持久性有机污染物分布与生态风险
孙菁婕, 王智源, 王轶虹, 祝秋恒, 刘东升, 石一凡, 黄玉, 徐家欣
长江科学院院报 ›› 2026, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2) : 18-28.
PDF(7586 KB)
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人工运河持久性有机污染物分布与生态风险
Spatio-temporal Distribution and Ecological Risks of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Artificial Canal
为识别人工运河持久性有机污染物(多环芳烃、多氯联苯、有机氯农药)的时空分布特征与生态风险,以京杭大运河江苏段为例,通过野外采样和7890-5975C型气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱仪检测,揭示了该运河污染程度与分布模式;基于风险商值评估了持久性有机污染物的潜在生态风险。结果表明:京杭大运河江苏段持久性有机污染物浓度沿程变化不明显,其生态风险在枯水期高于丰水期,总体水平高于国内外其它河流;目标污染物中,15种多环芳烃、11种多氯联苯、15种有机氯农药呈中高风险,其中,生态风险较为突出的为苯并[b]荧蒽、PCB180、PCB189和硫丹1。研究成果可为人工运河持久性有机污染物污染现状和治理提供研究基础。
[Objective] This study aims to systematically characterize the spatiotemporal distribution patterns and ecological risk levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs)—including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)—in the Jiangsu section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. Seasonal variations between wet and dry periods were examined, and pollutants posing significant ecological threats were identified to support water quality assessment, pollution-control prioritization, and risk management in artificial canal systems. [Methods] Water samples were collected from designated monitoring sites during both wet and dry seasons to capture POPs’ spatial distribution under distinct hydrological conditions. After standardized pretreatment, concentrations of individual POPs were quantified using a 7890-5975C gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry system (GC-MS/MS). Pollution loads and longitudinal variation trends were subsequently analyzed. Ecological risks of PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs were evaluated using the risk quotient method, enabling the identification of high-risk pollutants at both category and compound levels. [Results] During wet season, total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 44.34-56.01 ng/L (median: 45.92 ng/L), increasing substantially to 99.05-198.04 ng/L (median: 128.08 ng/L) in the dry season, nearly tripling and indicating a pronounced seasonal accumulation effect. Total concentrations of 18 PCBs exhibited a similar pattern, increasing from 94.06-123.04 ng/L (median: 95.09 ng/L) during the wet season to 120.75-137.79 ng/L (median: 124.66 ng/L) in the dry season. For OCPs, total concentrations ranged from 417.86-676.68 ng/L (median: 453.74 ng/L) in the wet season and increased to 560.39-673.11 ng/L (median: 617.21 ng/L) in the dry season, indicating comparatively higher and persistent contamination relative to PAHs and PCBs. Despite the relatively narrow longitudinal variation along the canal, pronounced seasonal differences were observed. The recurrent elevation of pollutant concentrations in the dry season suggests that hydrological regulation is a key driver of POPs dynamics in the artificial canal system. Reduced river discharge weakens dilution capacity, resulting in the concentration and retention of hydrophobic pollutants in the water column. Lower water levels and intensified sediment-water interactions during the dry season may enhance sediment resuspension, further releasing historically deposited POPs into the overlying water. Additionally, lower winter temperatures inhibit photolytic and microbial degradation, prolonging the environmental persistence of POPs. Reduced hydrodynamic dispersion in the dry season also limits downstream transport, promoting local accumulation of pollutants. Anthropogenic activities, such as increased domestic heating and industrial energy demand during colder months, may also contribute additional pollutant inputs to the system. Comparison with other rivers globally revealed distinct contamination profiles for different POP categories. PAH concentrations in the study area were generally lower than those reported for many industrialized or highly urbanized rivers, reflecting limited direct emissions from combustion sources in the region. PCB concentrations fell within the intermediate range reported internationally, indicating residual sources associated with economically developed regions, intensive industrial activities (e.g., textile, electronics), and historical industrial zones along the Jiangsu section of the canal, which likely contribute to elevated PCB levels. In contrast, OCP concentrations were relatively high compared with both domestic and international rivers, likely due to Jiangsu Province being a major agricultural production area, where fertilizers and livestock wastewater carry OCP residues. Collectively, these findings indicate that the aquatic ecosystem of the canal remains under non-negligible environmental pressure. Ecological risk assessment revealed an overall moderate risk level, yet significant differences existed across compound classes and seasons. A total of 15 PAHs, 11 PCBs, and 15 OCPs exhibited moderate-to-high ecological risk during at least one sampling period. The number of high-risk compounds increased during the dry season, consistent with the observed elevation in pollutant concentrations. Among all detected compounds, benzo[b]fluoranthene, PCB180, PCB189, and endosulfan I contributed disproportionately to the total ecological risk. These compounds share characteristics of strong hydrophobicity, high chemical stability, resistance to degradation, and high bioaccumulation potential, collectively making them the primary drivers of ecological risk. [Conclusion] This study provides a comprehensive assessment of POP pollution characteristics, seasonal dynamics, and ecological risk profiles within an artificial canal system. The identification of key risk pollutants and the elucidation of hydrological control mechanisms offer valuable guidance for water quality assessment, pollution control prioritization, and ecological risk mitigation in artificial waterways, while providing a transferable framework for POP risk management in similar engineered systems.
典型人工运河 / 京杭大运河 / 持久性有机污染物 / 时空分布 / 生态风险 / 风险商
typical artificial canal / the Grand Beijing-to-Hangzhou Canal / persistent organic pollutants / spatio-temporal distribution / risk assessment / risk quotient
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