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W型浅坝群对水流结构及典型鱼类聚集行为的影响
Influence of W-shaped Submerged Dam Groups on Flow Structure and Aggregation Behavior of Typical Fish Species
W型潜坝作为一种新型的堰坝结构,不仅具有消能、护岸、分流和改善通航条件等功能,而且具有显著的生态功能。选取鲫鱼幼鱼为目标鱼类,研究不同粒径组成的W型潜坝的河流流速分布及对目标鱼类聚集的影响,探明W型潜坝的生境改良效果,为裁弯河段生态涵养区建设提供依据。研究结果表明不同粒径的W型潜坝作用下,[10,20]mm较大粒径组成的W型潜坝透水性更好,流速梯度小于小粒径组,流态多样性高。在流量0.09 m3/s条件下,[10,20]mm粒径组成的W型潜坝鱼类聚集区域停留最多达到85次;[10,20]mm较大粒径组成的W型潜坝生境多样性高,可以为试验鱼提供更好的栖息和庇护场所。因此,在人工运河修建中裁弯河段生态涵养区建议选透水效果较好的大粒径潜坝方案。流态多样性指数与鱼类平均聚集度存在线性关系,可作为评价栖息地质量的依据,研究成果为河流生境异质性研究和生态优化设计提供理论支撑。
[Objective] Submerged dams, as an important component of waterway regulation projects, can prevent from river and coastal erosion and also alter river flow patterns and improve river habitat environments. This study selects juvenile crucian carp as the target species to investigate the effects of W-shaped submerged dams with different particle size compositions on flow velocity distribution and the aggregation of target fish. It aims to clarify the habitat improvement effectiveness of W-shaped submerged dams and provide a theoretical basis for the construction of ecological conservation zones in cut-off river sections. [Methods] Crucian carp, a dominant fish species in the Pinglu Canal, were selected as the experimental species. Experiments on the influence of W-shaped submerged dam groups on flow structure and typical fish aggregation behavior were conducted in an annular flume. The W-shaped submerged dams were set with three particle size compositions ([5,10] mm, [5,20] mm, [10,20] mm), and four flow rate conditions (0.03, 0.045, 0.06, 0.09 m3/s) were set up. Under each test condition, 30 juvenile experimental crucian carp were placed, and the entire experimental process was recorded using a Nikon D7500 camera. Tracker software was used to collect and record the positions, frequencies, and total time where the experimental fish stayed for more than 1 minute. The average fish aggregation rate was used to evaluate the attraction effect of the W-shaped submerged dams on fish, and the flow pattern diversity index was used to quantify changes in flow patterns. [Results] Under the action of W-shaped submerged dams of the same particle size, as the flow rate increased from 0.03 m3/s to 0.09 m3/s, the area and flow velocity of the backwater zone upstream of the weir in the study area continuously increased, while the area of the triangular recirculation zone formed downstream of the weir gradually decreased. Under the action of W-shaped submerged dams of different particle sizes, those composed of larger particle sizes (10-20 mm) exhibited better permeability, smaller velocity gradients compared to smaller particle size groups, and higher flow pattern diversity. Analysis of the influence of W-shaped submerged dam groups on the aggregation behavior of experimental fish showed that at a flow rate of 0.09 m3/s, the W-shaped submerged dams composed of 10-20 mm particle sizes had the highest number of stays in fish aggregation areas, reaching 85 times. These dams composed of larger particle sizes (10-20 mm) had high habitat diversity, providing better habitat and shelter for experimental fish. As the flow pattern diversity index increased, the average fish aggregation rate also showed an increasing trend. The river flow pattern diversity index and the average fish aggregation rate exhibited a linear relationship. [Conclusion] W-shaped submerged dams composed of larger particle sizes have high habitat diversity and can provide better habitat and shelter for experimental fish. In the construction of ecological conservation zones in cut-off river sections of artificial canals, it is recommended to select large-particle-size submerged dam schemes with better permeability effects. A good correlation is observed between the average fish aggregation degree and the flow pattern diversity index, enabling quantitative assessment of habitat diversity and providing theoretical support for research on river habitat heterogeneity and ecological optimization design. In the future, the long-term effects of different submerged dam design parameters on the ecosystems of target river sections can be further explored, and more influencing factors can be incorporated to investigate the ecological development of canals.
W型潜坝 / 水流结构 / 鱼类聚集行为 / 流态多样性指数 / 生境多样性
W-shaped submerged dam / flow structure / fish aggregation behavior / flow diversity index / habitat diversity
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