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水库调度运行下微塑料的迁移规律及防控建议
Migration Patterns and Prevention and Control Strategies for Microplastics under Reservoir Scheduling
新污染物“微塑料”在我国水库环境中广泛存在,严重威胁着水库的水质安全和生态功能稳定。我国水库微塑料污染现状的研究主要集中在长江及其支流地区,不同区域和时期下微塑料污染水平差异较大,其中水体微塑料丰度范围在120~156 667个/m3,沉积物微塑料丰度在75.6~63 081个/kg。水库的调度运行通过大坝拦截和水库水文水动力条件改变等作用会显著影响微塑料在水库中的环境行为和输移过程,间接影响微塑料的生态环境效应。结合近年来国内外相关研究进展,系统梳理了我国水库微塑料的污染现状,分析了水库调度运行对微塑料输移过程的影响,并探讨了微塑料对水库生态环境的潜在风险。此外,还从微塑料的过程阻断和末端处理环节具体地提出了水库微塑料的防治对策建议,以期为保障我国水库水质安全与生态环境保护提供科学依据和决策参考。
[Objective] Microplastics are widely present in reservoirs across China, posing threats to water quality safety and the stability of reservoir ecological functions. Accurately assessing the current status of microplastic pollution in China’s reservoirs, analyzing their migration patterns and environmental behavior, and scientifically evaluating the associated ecological risks are essential prerequisites for implementing effective management and control measures. [Methods] This study systematically reviewed recent data on microplastic pollution in China’s reservoirs, summarized the impact of reservoir operation on microplastic transport behaviors, analyzed associated ecological and health risks, and proposed feasible prevention and control strategies based on current plastic restriction policies. [Results] 1) Research on microplastic pollution in China’s reservoirs primarily focused on the Yangtze River and its tributaries, followed by the Xiaolangdi Reservoir on the Yellow River, the Erdaozha Reservoir on the Haihe River, and the cascade reservoirs in the Shaying River Basin. 2) Field investigations revealed that the abundance of microplastics in the Jiayan Reservoir was relatively high, with water column microplastic abundance ranging from approximately 11 000 to 61 700 particles/m3 and sediment microplastic abundance ranging from 2 600 to 15 700 particles/kg. The Three Gorges Reservoir received considerable attention regarding its microplastic pollution status, with water column microplastic abundance ranging from 800 to 6 214 particles/m3 and sediment microplastic abundance ranging from 1 031 to 63 081 particles/kg. The Guanyinyan Reservoir on the Jinsha River and the cascade reservoirs in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River exhibited a relatively moderate level of microplastic abundance, while other reservoirs showed comparatively lower levels. 3) A diverse range of microplastic types was detected in reservoirs, predominantly smaller than 1 mm. Microplastic shapes included fibers, fragments, films, and microbeads. The primary polymer types identified were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 4) In terms of microplastic origin, secondary microplastics constituted the majority in reservoirs, mainly derived from plastic waste associated with daily life, fishing and shipping, agricultural irrigation, and tourism activities. The primary sources of microplastics in reservoirs were upstream areas and tributary inflows. Additionally, rainfall and agricultural irrigation facilitated the transport of land-based microplastics into reservoir waters via surface runoff, while atmospheric deposition contributed to the settling of microplastics from the air into reservoir water bodies. [Conclusion] Reservoirs in China are generally polluted by microplastics, and diverse microplastic types pose potential threats to the ecological environment. Reservoir operations significantly affect the environmental behavior and transport of microplastics through dam interception and changes in hydrological and hydrodynamic conditions, indirectly influencing the ecological and environmental effects of microplastics. Currently, effective prevention and control measures for microplastic pollution in reservoirs are insufficient and face significant challenges. We recommend to strengthen the monitoring of microplastic pollution in reservoirs and to develop prevention, control, and removal technologies to alleviate microplastic pollution in reservoirs and ensure the health of reservoir ecosystems.
微塑料污染 / 输移过程 / 生态环境风险 / 防治对策 / 水库调度运行
microplastic pollution / transport process / ecological environment risks / countermeasures / reservoir scheduling
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微塑料污染在全球范围内受到广泛关注。综述了长江流域水体中微塑料污染的已有报道,分析了长江流域水体微塑料的空间分布和污染特征,探讨了长江流域微塑料污染的危害,并提出了相应的防控措施。结果表明:长江水体微塑料污染具有较高的空间异质性,表层水微塑料丰度在几十到几万 个/m<sup>3</sup>之间,沉积物中丰度在几十到几千个/kg之间;与国内外其他流域相比,长江流域水体微塑料污染处于中等偏低的水平,湖泊和水库的微塑料丰度普遍高于河流型水体;长江流域水体微塑料以聚酯类、聚乙烯和聚丙烯为主,形态多为纤维状、碎片和薄膜状;长江流域从上游至下游水体微塑料丰度逐渐升高,且多数水体微塑料丰度呈沿岸高、中心低的分布特征。控制长江流域水体微塑料污染,需完善相关法律法规、提高污水处理能力和塑料废物的管理处置能力。
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Microplastic pollution has attracted worldwide attention. The previous reports of microplastics pollution in the Yangtze River basin are summarized, and the spatial distribution and pollution characteristics are analyzed. Moreover, the adverse impacts of microplastics pollution in the Yangtze River basin are discussed, and corresponding prevention and control measures are put forward. Microplastics pollution in the Yangtze River is highly heterogeneous in spatial scale, with the abundance of microplastics in surface water ranging from tens to tens of thousands of ind/m<sup>3</sup> and tens to tens of thousands of ind/kg in sediments. Compared with other basins in China and abroad, the Yangtze River Basin is subjected to a medium and low pollution level of microplastics, and the abundance of microplastics in lakes and reservoirs is generally higher than that in rivers. In addition, microplastics in water are mainly polyester, polyethylene and polypropylene, and fibers, fragments and films are dominant shapes. In the Yangtze River basin, the abundance of microplastics increased gradually from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, and from bank to ashore. To control microplastic pollution in the Yangtze River basin, laws and regulations need to be improved, sewage treatment capacity and management and disposal of plastic waste should be enhanced.
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Five countries share the catchment of the Tisza River (Central Europe). In most households electricity and water are available, and by washing synthetic clothes they can produce a large number of microfibers. However, in many sub-catchments of the river, the wastewater treatment is insufficient; therefore, microplastics (MP), especially plastic microfiber emissions into rivers, represent a problem. Our goal was to analyze the suspended sediment and microfiber transport at the low stage, making repeated (2021 and 2022) measurements in the Tisza River (946 km) at 26 sites across three countries. Water sampling was performed by pumping 1 m3 of water through sieves (90–200 µm). The mean MP transport in 2021 was 19 ± 13.6 items/m3, but it increased by 17% in 2022 (22.4 ± 14.8 items/m3). The most polluted sections were the Upper Tisza (Ukraine, Hungary) and the Lower Tisza (Serbia), where wastewater treatment is not satisfactory, whereas the Middle Tisza (Hungary) was less polluted. The tributaries increased the sediment and MP budget of the main river. Microfibers dominate (84–97%) the suspended MP transport, and thus it can be determined that they originated from wastewater. The MP transport was influenced by the availability of wastewater treatment plants, dams, tributaries, and mobilization of bottom sediments. At the low stage, no connection was found between the suspended sediment and MP particle transport.
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Reservoirs can be an important environmental compartment for microplastic pollution. Previous investigations have found that surface waters and sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have had high microplastic abundance, and the Xiangxi River, which is one of the largest primary tributaries of the TGR, has had much higher microplastic abundance than several marine and freshwater systems in China. A strip of land on the bank of the reservoir area, which is called the hydro-fluctuation belt (HFB), is periodically exposed due to the special hydrodynamic conditions in the TGR. The HFB may be an important source and/or sink of microplastics in TGR. In this study, microplastic occurrence in sediments from the Xiangxi River HFB was investigated to reflect the local microplastic pollution status and to evaluate its potential to serve as a source/sink of microplastics in the TGR. Seven sampling sites were selected, and sediments within the HFB and above the belt were collected in summer when the water level was low. The results showed that the microplastic abundance ranged from 0.55 ± 0.12 × 10 to 14.58 ± 5.67 × 10 particles m, which was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in sediments from the Xiangxi River in our previous study (80-846 particles m). Statistical analysis revealed that the microplastic abundance within the HFB was significantly higher than that of the area above the HFB. The results indicate that the HFB can be an important microplastic sink when the water level is low, and the belt can turn into a potential source when the water level is high. Cluster analysis was applied to reveal the characteristics of the microplastics collected at different sites, and the results suggest that the cluster analysis may be a useful tool in elucidating the source and fate of microplastics.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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