2010年水利部发布《全国重要河湖健康评价技术文件》，并在全国开展河湖健康评价试点工作。依据技术文件中的评价体系（简称“试点评价体系”）对太湖健康状况进行评估，将评价结果与基于水利部公益性科研专项建立的专门用于太湖健康状况评估的综合指标体系（简称“综合指标体系”）的评价结果进行比较。结果表明，试点评价体系在太湖具备良好的适用性，2011年太湖处于亚健康状态，水体富营养化和蓝藻水华问题是现阶段太湖处于亚健康的主要原因。另外，本文指出了试点评价体系存在的不足并提出了相关建议。

2010年水利部发布《全国重要河湖健康评价技术文件》，并在全国开展河湖健康评价试点工作。依据技术文件中的评价体系（简称“试点评价体系”）对太湖健康状况进行评估，将评价结果与基于水利部公益性科研专项建立的专门用于太湖健康状况评估的综合指标体系（简称“综合指标体系”）的评价结果进行比较。结果表明，试点评价体系在太湖具备良好的适用性，2011年太湖处于亚健康状态，水体富营养化和蓝藻水华问题是现阶段太湖处于亚健康的主要原因。另外，本文指出了试点评价体系存在的不足并提出了相关建议。

全球变化背景下,青藏高原生态系统受到自然、人为双重影响和威胁,生态风险日益加剧。针对生态风险源、脆弱性以及风险管理能力选取30个评估指标,利用生态风险评估优化模型,综合评估了青藏高原的生态风险,并得出如下结论：青藏高原生态风险总体处于较低水平,以低和极低生态风险为主,共占研究区面积的55.84%;极高风险主要分布在北部高山和极高山地区,中等风险主要分布在高原北部以及高原的西部和西南部地区,中、高生态风险在空间分布上形成一个“C”字形结构;青藏高原生态风险整体受自然主导因子控制,人为对生态环境的影响不容忽视,协调和降低青藏高原人类活动区域人类对生态环境的影响,是今后规避生态风险的重要途径。

Under the background of global change, the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been affected and threatened by both nature and human activities, and the ecological risks are intensifying. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a relatively independent geographic unit with a high average altitude and complex and diverse landforms. Its fragile alpine ecosystem is extremely sensitive to global climate change. In recent years, the population of the plateau has increased and the process of urbanization has accelerated, the scale and intensity of human activities have increased significantly, and ecological risks have increased. At present, the research results of ecological risk assessment are mainly found in local areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This article, aiming at understanding the source of ecological risks, analyzes the spatial distribution of risks and their causes. The ecological risk assessment of the entire plateau is expected to provide references for the identification, management and early warning of regional ecological risks. We establish an ecological risk assessment index system for the study area, which includes 13 ecological risk source indicators, 10 ecological vulnerability indicators, and 7 ecological risk management capability indicators. Then we select the official remote sensing product data with a high spatial resolution, according to the characteristics of the data which are divided into numerical and non-numerical data. Using ArcGIS 10.2 to normalize the numerical data, according to the contribution rate to ecological risk, the non-numerical data are graded, and the ecological risk evaluation optimization model is used to comprehensively evaluate the ecological risk of the plateau. The results showed that: overall ecological risk of the study area is relatively low, with low and very low ecological risk areas accounting for 55.84%, extremely high risk areas being only 7.19%, high risk areas 11.95%, and medium ecological risk areas 25.02%, and the extremely low and low ecological risk areas account for more than half of the plateau area; medium ecological risk areas are mainly distributed in areas with high intensity of human activities. The impact of human activities on the eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau cannot be ignored; the extremely high-risk areas and medium-risk areas form a "C"-shaped pattern; the low-risk areas in the hinterland of the plateau have higher altitudes, severe cold climates, and fragile eco-environments, but the strengthening of ecological management measures has greatly reduced the ecological risk in the study area. The overall ecological risk of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly controlled by natural factors, and the impact of human activities on the eco-environment cannot be ignored. The establishment of national nature reserves or national parks to protect the ecological environment can greatly reduce its ecological risks. It is necessary to pay special attention to areas with high intensity of human activities on the plateau, where their ecological risks have reached a medium intensity. Creating a new pattern of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, and avoiding excessive human intervention in the eco-environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important way to reduce ecological risks in the future.

利用西藏高原38个气象站点1961-2010年逐月气象资料，采用气候倾向率、累积距平及GIS空间插值方法，研究了近50 a来西藏及各分区气象要素的时空演变规律，揭示了西藏不同区域气候变化的差异性。结果表明：近50 a来，西藏总体呈现出日照略增、温度升高、降水增加、风速减小、平均相对湿度略有上升趋势，年平均日照时数倾向率3.04 h/10 a，年平均气温倾向率0.58 ℃/10 a，多年平均降水量倾向率12.5 mm/10 a，年平均风速倾向率-0.13 m·s^-1·（10 a）^-1、年平均相对湿度倾向率0.1%/10 a。根据地貌分区的各区域气象要素分布及变化程度差异较大，藏北高原区日照时数最长，但呈减少趋势，藏东高山深谷区日照时数最短，增加趋势明显；藏南山原湖盆谷地区年平均气温最高，升温幅度较小，藏北高原区年平均气温最低，升温幅度最大；藏东高山深谷区年平均降水量最多，藏北高原区最少，藏南山原湖盆谷地区降水量增加较明显；藏北高原区平均风速最大，藏东高山深谷区最小，所有区域平均风速均呈先增加后减小趋势；喜马拉雅高山区、藏东高山深谷区相对湿度较大，藏北高原区、藏南山原湖盆谷地区较小，西藏各区平均湿度均有所上升。

On basis of the monthly data for the period 1961-2010 collected from 38 observational stations over the Tibet Plateau，by means of the climate tendency rate，accumulative anomaly and GIS spatial interpolation methods，the temporal-spatial variations of climatic variables over the Tibet in the recent 50 years were systematically studied，and the differences of climate change in different sub-regions were shown. The results indicated that: in the last 50 years，Tibet showed an increase of sunshine （with the linear tendency rate of 3.04 h/10 a），temperature（0.58 ℃/10 a），precipitation（12.5 mm/10 a），decrease of wind speed（0.13 m·s^-1·10 a^-1），and slightly rising trend of the average relative humidity（0.1%/10 a）. Distribution and change of the climate facters in different regions divided by geomorphologic situation are remarkable. Sunshine is longest in the northern Tibet Plateau，with a trend of decrease，while shortest in high mountains and deep valleys regions of east Tibet，but increased obviously. Annual mean temperature is highest in Lake Basin Valley Region of south Tibet，with slowly rising rate，and lowest in northern Tibet Plateau，warming fastest. The most average annual precipitation is in northern Tibet Plateau，while least in east Tibet，and precipitation increases obviously in Lake Basin Valley Region of south Tibet. Average wind speed is maximum in northern Tibet Plateau，minimum in high mountains and deep valleys regions of east Tibet，and all regions showed increased first and then decreased trend. Relative humidity is high in Himalaya Mountains region and in high mountains and deep valleys regions of east Tibet，low in northern Tibet Plateau and in Lake Basin Valley Region of south Tibet，and increase in all regions.

农村地下水水源地水质评价是保证农村饮水安全的重要基础。考虑到权重值对TOPSIS模型的重要性,通过基于博弈论集合的模型将模糊层次分析法(FAHP)确定的主观权重和熵权法确定的客观权重进行组合赋权优化,同时引用“虚拟负理想点”代替“传统负理想点”,避免样点出现与理想点和负理想点欧式距离等距问题。并以德阳市5个典型乡镇农村地下水饮用水源水质监测数据为评价对象,计算相对贴近度确定各水质等级。该模型评价结果与F指法、熵权-TOPSIS和FAHP-TOPSIS模型评价结果的对比分析。结果表明改进的TOPSIS模型评价结果具有合理性、有效性及实用性,并能准确地反映地下水水质等级以及偏离分级标准的程度。

Evaluation of rural groundwater quality is an important basis to ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural areas. On account of the importance of weight value to the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) model, combinatorial weighting and optimization on the subjective weight and the objectiveweight respectively determined by the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) and the entropy weight method are carried out based on the game theory set model. In the meantime, a “virtual negative ideal point” is defined to replace the traditional negative ideal point, hence avoiding the equivalent Euclidean distance from the sample point respectively to the ideal point and to the negative ideal point. With the water quality monitoring data of five typical villages and towns in Deyang city as evaluation object, the water quality grade is determined by calculating the relative closeness degree. The results of the present model are compared with the evaluation results of F method, the Entropy-TOPSIS and the FAHP-TOPSIS model, which proves that the results of the improved TOPSIS evaluation model is objective, effective and practical. Besides, the present model could also accurately reflect the groundwater quality grade and the deviation from grading standard.