畸形波生成及其影响因素的数值研究

李梦雨; 吕超凡; 卢金友; 栾华龙; 朱勇辉; 朱家熙; 葛建忠; Makiko Iguchi

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20241029

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长江科学院院报 ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (12) : 75-85. DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20241029

水力学

畸形波生成及其影响因素的数值研究

李梦雨 ¹^,² ,
吕超凡 ¹^,² ,
卢金友 ¹^,² ,
栾华龙 ¹^,² ,
朱勇辉 ¹^,² ,
朱家熙 ¹^,²^,³ ,
葛建忠 ⁴ ,
Makiko Iguchi ⁵

作者信息 +

Numerical Study on Freak Wave Generation and Its Influencing Factors

LI Meng-yu ¹^,² ,
LÜ Chao-fan ¹^,² ,
LU Jin-you ¹^,² ,
LUAN Hua-long ¹^,² ,
ZHU Yong-hui ¹^,² ,
ZHU Jia-xi ¹^,²^,³ ,
GE Jian-zhong ⁴ ,
Makiko Iguchi ⁵

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

畸形波生成及演化的影响因素众多,基于自主研发的黏性流数值波浪水槽,开展畸形波生成及其影响因素的数值研究。首先利用试验结果验证数值波浪水槽生成畸形波的准确性,然后模拟分析畸形波传播过程中的波面变化,采用谐波分离方法分析波群非线性对畸形波传播过程中的波面变形、聚焦位置和时间及内部结构变化的影响规律;之后开展数值试验,分析谱型、波群的组成波个数、频谱宽度、谱峰频率及水深等关键因素对畸形波生成的影响规律,深入探究各个因素的敏感性。结果表明:采用不同频谱类型产生的畸形波表现出不同的能量分布和聚焦时空变化。同时,组成波个数影响波群的聚焦重现周期。在有限水深情况下,畸形波的聚焦幅值并非随着谱宽的变窄而增大,同时受水深、谱峰频率等因素的影响较大。该研究有助于理解畸形波的生成机制,对实验室生成畸形波具有参考意义。

Abstract

[Objective] Freak wave is a marine disaster characterized by extremely large wave height, strong nonlinearity, and high destructiveness. The results of wave superposition method for simulating freak waves are influenced by multiple parameters, and the sensitivity and interaction mechanisms of these factors require systematic investigation. [Methods] Based on a self-developed viscous-flow numerical wave tank, we conducted a numerical simulation on the generation of freak waves and their influencing factors. First, the reliability of the numerical model was verified against physical experimental data. Subsequently, the harmonic separation method was employed to examine the influence of wave group nonlinearity on wave surface deformation, focusing characteristics, and frequency spectrum structure. Through numerical experiments, the effects of key parameters—including spectral type, number of constituent waves, spectral bandwidth, spectral peak frequency, and water depth—were investigated. [Results] 1) During the generation of a freak wave, wave-wave nonlinear interactions caused energy to transfer from the primary frequency to both high and low frequencies, resulting in significant spectral broadening. Low-frequency free pseudo-harmonics propagated faster, leading to an actual wave height slightly larger than the theoretical value. High-frequency bound harmonics formed a tail wave, which had a minor influence on the shape of the main peak. 2) The spectral type significantly influenced the wave profile characteristics: the JONSWAP and P-M spectra, with concentrated energy, tended to generate freak waves with steep crests. The CWA spectrum produced gentle wave profiles; the CWS spectrum yielded the smallest focused amplitude. 3) The number of constituent waves affected the focusing recurrence period. An insufficient number could generate secondary focused waves. It was recommended to use 29 constituent waves to balance computational accuracy and efficiency. 4) Under finite water depth conditions, the focused amplitude reached its maximum when the spectral bandwidth was 0.7 Hz, indicating that the amplitude was co-modulated by the spectral bandwidth, water depth, and spectral peak frequency. 5) An increase in the spectral peak frequency enhanced nonlinearity, resulting in wave profile steepening. However, an excessively high frequency led to wave breaking, thereby reducing the amplitude. 6) Water depth influenced the wave profile by altering the dispersion characteristics. A greater water depth resulted in faster wave speed and a higher amplitude, whereas an excessively small water depth readily induced wave breaking. [Conclusion] The main innovations of this research include: establishing a high-precision viscous-flow numerical model capable of accurately simulating the evolution of nonlinear waves including breaking effects; employing the harmonic separation method to reveal the influence mechanism of wave group nonlinearity on wave surface structure and energy distribution; and clarifying the coupling effects of various factors under finite water depth conditions through multi-parameter sensitivity experiments. The findings of this study deepen the understanding of freak wave generation mechanisms, provide an important theoretical basis and parameter selection guidance for laboratory simulation of freak waves.

导出引用

李梦雨, 吕超凡, 卢金友, 等. 畸形波生成及其影响因素的数值研究[J]. 长江科学院院报. 2025, 42(12): 75-85 https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20241029

LI Meng-yu, LÜ Chao-fan, LU Jin-you, et al. Numerical Study on Freak Wave Generation and Its Influencing Factors[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2025, 42(12): 75-85 https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20241029

中图分类号： TV871 (堤防)

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