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张北地区不同退化程度的小叶杨防护林对干旱事件的响应差异
Differential Responses of Populus simonii Shelterbelts with Different Degradation Degrees to Drought Events in Zhangbei County
三北防护林是我国重要的生态建设工程,但近10 a来,三北地区的防护林出现了不同程度的衰退,防护功能明显下降。为揭示三北地区防护林的水分影响树木退化的过程以及三北地区防护林衰退过程,以张北地区广泛分布的小叶杨防护林为研究对象,基于树木年轮和树轮稳定碳同位素技术分析不同退化程度小叶杨防护林的退化过程及其对干旱事件的响应差异,探讨同一地区杨树正常生长或出现退化的可能原因。结果发现不同退化程度的小叶杨内在水分利用效率(iWUE)差异显著,重度退化和轻度退化的小叶杨iWUE显著高于未退化的小叶杨iWUE,干旱胁迫可能是导致防护林出现退化的主要原因;1997年极端干旱的发生以及1999年5月—2001年6月长时间的干旱可能是导致张北小叶杨防护林发生衰退的起点,2006年9月—2012年8月长时间的干旱进一步加剧了这种衰退;树木自身抵抗力的差异是导致张北地区防护林出现部分退化的重要原因。
[Objective] The Three-North Shelterbelt Program represents a pivotal ecological conservation initiative in China. However, over the past decade, varying degrees of degradation and functional decline have been observed in shelterbelt forests across the region. Further research is warranted to explore the process by which water affects tree degradation and the overall decline of the Three-North Shelterbelts. [Methods] To elucidate the role of water availability in driving tree degradation and to unravel the mechanisms underlying shelterbelt decline, the Populus simonii shelterbelts in northern Hebei Province were taken as the research subjects. Tree-ring samples of P. simonii with different degradation degrees from the same area were collected. Using tree basal area increment (BAI) and multi-year meteorological data, the degradation processes of P. simonii shelterbelts with different degradation degrees and their differential responses to drought events were analyzed. Based on tree-ring carbon isotope technology, the changes in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of P. simonii were examined. Additionally, combined with the ecosystem resilience index (ERI), the possible reasons for why some poplar trees in the same area grew normally while others degraded were explored. [Results] (1) The growth period of P. simonii in Zhangbei could be divided into three stages: rapid growth stage (1976-1995), slow growth stage (1996-2005), and declining growth stage (2006-2017). During the rapid growth stage, P. simonii grew stably with a slight increase, and the impact of the external environment on its growth was relatively small. In the slow growth stage, the growth of P. simonii tree-ring width showed a fluctuating trend, and growth differentiation gradually occurred. In the declining growth stage, the tree-ring width of P. simonii showed a steady increase at a gradually decreasing rate, with growth differentiation becoming obvious. (2) ERI quantified the resistance, recovery capacity, and resilience level of trees under external disturbances. Significant differences in the resistance index and resilience index were observed among P. simonii with different degradation degrees: the resistance index and resilience index of non-degraded P. simonii were higher than those of slightly degraded and severely degraded individuals, with these differences being particularly significant during the slow growth stage and declining growth stage of P. simonii. (3) The iWUE, an important physiological indicator for drought adaptation of trees, displayed significant variation across P. simonii with different degradation degrees, and all presented a significant upward trend. Severely and slightly degraded P. simonii demonstrated significantly higher iWUE values than non-degraded trees, while severely degraded P. simonii exhibited significantly higher iWUE values compared to slightly degraded ones. Among P. simonii with different degradation degrees, severely degraded trees experienced the most severe drought stress. [Conclusion] Insufficient and infrequent short-term precipitation, combined with climate warming and drying may be the main causes of shelterbelt degradation. The extreme drought in 1997 and prolonged dry spell from May 1999 to June 2001 likely initiated the decline of P. simonii shelterbelts in Zhangbei County, while persistent drought between September 2006 and August 2012 further exacerbated this deterioration. Differences in the inherent resistance of trees played a critical role in the observed partial degradation and partial non-degradation. Poplars are fast-growing and highly water-consuming species, which mainly cope with water stress by consuming water stored in heartwood. During the rapid growth process of P. simonii, the trees have larger vessels and higher water conductivity. When water stress occurs, some poplar trees with poor resistance suffer from hydraulic failure, which in turn leads to growth decline. In contrast, non-degraded plants may delay the depletion of stored water through the utilization of deep water sources, more flexible stomatal regulation, and more efficient resource allocation.
防护林 / 稳定碳同位素 / 水分利用效率(iWUE) / 干旱胁迫 / 生态弹性 / 张北地区
shelterbelt forests / stable carbon isotope / water use efficiency(iWUE) / drought stress / ecological resilience / Zhangbei County
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In Zhangbei County, Hebei Province, poplar-dominated shelterbelts are degraded to different extents. Water availability is the main limiting factor for plant survival in arid areas. The purpose of this study was to reveal the relationship between water availability and poplar degradation. Based on the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope techniques, we explored the water sources of <i>Populus simonii </i>under different degradation degrees by comparing the isotopic values of <i>P. simonii </i>xylem water with that in potential water source, and calculated the utilization ratio of each water source. The results showed that the water sources of poplar trees varied with degradation degree. The water sources of <i>P. simonii </i>gradually transferred from the deep layer to the surface layer with the increases of degradation. <i>P. simonii </i>with no degradation mainly absorbed soil water in the range of 320-400 cm, with the utilization rate being 25.1%. <i>P. simonii </i>with slight degradation mainly used soil water at depth of 120-180, 180-240 and 240-320 cm. The total utilization rate of three layers was close to 50.0%, with less utilization of water from other layers. The moderately degraded <i>P. simonii</i> mainly used soil water at depth of 20-40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm. The utilization rate of each layer was 17.5%-20.9%, and the contribution rate of soil water under 120 cm was less than 10.0%. The severely degraded <i>P. simonii</i> mainly used water from surface soil layer (0-20 cm), with the utilization rate being 30.4%, which was significantly higher than that of other water sources. The water sources of poplar shelter forests were gradually shallower during the process of degradation. However, the low soil water content in the shallow layer could not meet the normal water demand of poplar, which would accelerate the degradation and even decline of poplar.
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三北防护林是京津冀地区重要的生态屏障,但近十年来张北县4/5的杨树防护林出现退化现象,接近1/3的杨树濒临死亡或枯死,导致杨树防护林生态功能下降.本研究用稳定碳同位素方法追溯研究了退化与未退化杨树年轮中δ<sup>13</sup>C值和内在水分利用效率(WUE<sub>i</sub>)的差异,分析导致杨树退化和死亡的原因及其来源.结果表明:相同年龄杨树的直径随着退化程度增加而下降,退化杨树树轮的δ<sup>13</sup>C值变化范围为-25.26‰～-22.97‰,未退化杨树为-26.15‰～-23.50‰,从1997年开始,退化杨树δ<sup>13</sup>C值高于未退化杨树.退化与未退化杨树WUE<sub>i</sub>值从1997年开始出现差异但不显著,2002年后其差异达到显著水平,退化与未退化WUE<sub>i</sub>的差值ΔWUE<sub>i</sub>连续正值可能是退化与未退化杨树产生分化的重要原因之一.退化和未退化杨树WUE<sub>i</sub>与降雨量、相对湿度和潜在蒸散量(ET<sub>0</sub>)的相关关系均不显著,但与气温和地下水埋深呈极显著的线性关系.1997年极端干旱事件是杨树林退化的起点,随后土地利用方式的改变导致地下水的过度使用,加剧了干旱持续时间和强度,进而加速杨树防护林的退化和死亡.
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As one of the most critical environmental problems in the 21st century, forest degradation has been facing worldwide. There are many definitions about forest degradation, but its common features are the permanent loss of forests, stand structure destructed, forest quality decreased, and forest functions lowered. Forest decline or tree decline in fact is one of the causes of forest degradation, which includes the general reduction of trees in vigor, low level growth of trees in productivity, death of trees, and even, decline of soil fertility. Many researches indicated that deforestation is the permanent loss of forests in area, which is shifted to other land uses. Deforestation is the product of the interactions between environmental, social, economic, cultural, and political forces at work in any given country/region, and thus, more and more attention is focused on the negative socioeconomic and environmental effects after forest degradation, especially on the reduction of forest area induced by deforestation. The effects of any decisions or policies in national and international levels on forest degradation induced by deforestation have been paid attention as well. How to make efforts and strengthen the worldwide cooperation to combat the forest degradation induced by deforestation must be challenged to find appropriate solutions. There are many researches on forest decline, because of its complexity and uncertainties. The major causes of forest decline include: 1) pollution from both industry and agriculture, 2) stress factors, e.g., desiccation, 3) changes in stand dynamics, 4) decline disease of forest or diseases of complex etiology, 5) degradation of productivity and/or soil fertility in pure plantation forests. Forest degradation in China is similar to that all over the world, but with the characteristics in forest components, i.e., 1) secondary forests are the major forest resources, 2) China has the most plantation forests in the world, some of which have low qualities or functions. Based on the above reviews and perceptions on forest degradation and related practices, the main causes of contemporary forest degradation were summarized, and the general countermeasures for combating forest degradation/decline were given.
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Land degradation is a major threat to the sustainability of human habitation, and it is essential to assess it quantitatively. Assessment of the human-induced aspect is especially important for planning appropriate prevention measures. This paper used the Three-North Shelter Forest Program region as the study area, and assessed the land degradation dynamic using a time series of summed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based on a trend analysis of the Theil-Sen slope and Mann-Kendall test. The human-induced land degradation was separated from degradation driven by climate using the meteorological dataset through the residual trend (RESTREND) method for the period 1982–2006. The results showed that (1) the NDVI in the study area mainly exhibited an increasing trend, approximately 13.00% of the study area experienced significantly positive NDVI trends and 6.20% showed decline. Furthermore, (2) the correlation between the summed NDVI and precipitation was higher than the correlation between NDVI and temperature, suggesting that precipitation was the most essential factor that impacted NDVI dynamic in the study area; (3) The significant trends of vegetation by anthropogenic disturbances were detected, which were significant positive and negative trends of 11.93% and 6.19%, respectively. All of these findings enrich our knowledge of human activities that impact land degradation in arid or semi-arid regions and provide a scientific basis for the management of ecological restoration programs.
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Plant survival during drought requires adequate hydration in living tissues and carbohydrate reserves for maintenance and recovery. We hypothesized that tree growth and hydraulic strategy determines the intensity and duration of the 'physiological drought', thereby affecting the relative contributions of loss of hydraulic function and carbohydrate depletion during mortality. We compared patterns in growth rate, water relations, gas exchange and carbohydrate dynamics in three tree species subjected to prolonged drought. Two Eucalyptus species (E. globulus, E. smithii) exhibited high growth rates and water-use resulting in rapid declines in water status and hydraulic conductance. In contrast, conservative growth and water relations in Pinus radiata resulted in longer periods of negative carbon balance and significant depletion of stored carbohydrates in all organs. The ongoing demand for carbohydrates from sustained respiration highlighted the role that duration of drought plays in facilitating carbohydrate consumption. Two drought strategies were revealed, differentiated by plant regulation of water status: plants maximized gas exchange, but were exposed to low water potentials and rapid hydraulic dysfunction; and tight regulation of gas exchange at the cost of carbohydrate depletion. These findings provide evidence for a relationship between hydraulic regulation of water status and carbohydrate depletion during terminal drought.© 2012 CSIRO. New Phytologist © 2012 New Phytologist Trust.
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利用阿尔泰山南坡东、中、西部3个样点的西伯利亚落叶松树轮δ<sup>13</sup>C序列,结合阿勒泰地区7个气象站降水资料分析表明,树轮δ<sup>13</sup>C序列对阿尔泰山南坡夏季降水有较好的响应,最高相关系数可达到-0.682(p<0.0001).利用回归方法重建了过去160年来阿尔泰山南坡夏季降水量.阿尔泰山南坡夏季降水在1850-1871年偏多,1872-1956年经历了长期的干旱,20世纪60年代至今,随着新疆整体气候的暖湿化,阿尔泰山南坡经历了较长的湿润期.重建的夏季降水与上年冬季北极涛动(AO)有较好的相关性,北极涛动可能对阿尔泰山南坡过去160年降水有较大影响.阿尔泰山南坡过去160年夏季降水变化存在11 a(95% )、2.7 a (95%)、2.4 a(95%)、2.1 a(99%)和2.0 a(99%)的准周期变化.
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三北防护林体系建设工程（简称：三北工程）是同我国改革开放同步实施的世界最大生态工程，是生态文明建设的重要标志。三北工程规划建设期限历时73年，现已经过40年建设，为科学、准确把握三北工程40年建设来的成效、经验、问题等综合状况，国家林业和草原局（原国家林业局）于2017年委托中国科学院作为第三方评估机构，对三北工程建设40年进行了全面、系统评价与分析。本文在简要介绍三北工程建设40年的历程、取得的成效、积累的经验和存在问题的基础上，对三北工程未来建设与发展进行了思考与展望；提出了重大生态工程未来研究方向，以期为推动三北工程未来高质量发展，为美丽中国生态文明建设提供重要证据和为全球生态安全建设提供经验与范式等提供参考。
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The Three-North Afforestation Program (TNAP, also known as the Three North Protective Forest Program or the Green Great Wall) in China, the largest ecological project all over the world, was initiated in 1978 and will be fulfilled in 2050. The TNAP is an important landmark project for the construction of Ecological Civilization. During the past 40-years (1978-2018), TNAP has made remarkable achievements and accumulated valuable experiences, which makes it an exemplary record of global ecological management. However, some inevitable problems appeared synchronously. To scientifically and accurately understand the comprehensive situation and promote highquality development of the TNAP in the future, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (formerly the National Forestry Administration, which is the Administration Agency of TNAP) commissioned the Chinese Academy of Sciences as a third-party evaluation agency to carry out a comprehensive and systematic assessment for the 40-year construction of TNAP. The assessment results would provide important evidence for the construction of Beautiful ChinaEcological Civilization, and offer the experiences and examples for the construction of global projects for ecological security. In this paper, we gave a brief introduction to the assessment, including history, achievements, impacts, and the problems of the 40-year construction of TNAP. On the basis of this assessment, we proposed some prospects for the future construction and development of TNAP.
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水分是干旱地区植物生长的关键限制因子。小叶杨是河北省张北县典型的防护林树种,发挥了重要的生态屏障作用。为了揭示近年来该地区小叶杨出现大面积衰退的原因和机制,本研究利用稳定同位素技术,结合图解法和多元线性混合模型,分析了张北县4种不同退化程度(未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化)小叶杨在不同时期的水分来源和水分利用策略。结果表明: 生长前期(5—6月),不同退化程度小叶杨水分来源均比较单一,主要利用0～40 cm层的土壤水,未退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化的利用率分别为34.2%、50.1%、41.6%和55.7%。生长中期(7—8月),未退化小叶杨吸收利用200～280 cm和280～400 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为20.2%和30.9%;轻度退化小叶杨利用200～280和280～400 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为33.2%和27.9%;中度退化小叶杨吸收利用0～40和40～120 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为30%和26.9%;重度退化小叶杨对0～40 cm层土壤水的利用率达到55.4%。生长后期(9—10月),未退化小叶杨水分来源向中上层土壤水转移,主要利用0～40、40～80和80～120 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为23.3%、17.2%和16.5%;轻度退化小叶杨利用0～40 cm层的土壤水,利用率为35.7%,对中层80～200 cm层土壤水的利用率也较高,为20.6%;中度和重度退化小叶杨主要利用0～40 cm层的土壤水,利用率分别为43.7%和51.8%。随着退化程度加重,小叶杨的主要水分来源从深层土壤水逐渐向表层土壤水转移。
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王堃莹, 邱贵福, 刘子赫, 等. 气候变化对不同退化程度小叶杨林分生长和内在水分利用效率的调节[J]. 植物生态学报, 2025, 49(2): 343-355.
小叶杨(Populus simonii)作为中国北方重要防护树种, 其大面积衰退对生态系统健康发展及防护林持续经营产生了严重影响, 探究气候变化背景下小叶杨退化原因可为人工林的管理经营提供参考。该研究调查了张北县3种不同退化程度的小叶杨人工林, 将其胸高断面积增量(BAI)、内在水分利用效率(iWUE)、树轮碳稳定同位素比值和气孔调节策略进行对比, 从而分析了气候变化对小叶杨生长和iWUE的影响。结果显示: 1) CO<sub>2</sub>浓度和气温是iWUE变化的主要驱动因素, 在大气CO<sub>2</sub>浓度增加、气候变化和生理状况综合影响下, 小叶杨的iWUE呈现明显增加趋势, 不同退化程度小叶杨BAI均呈先增后减趋势。2) 3种不同退化程度小叶杨林分的生长主要受气温影响, 大多数情况下研究区iWUE的增加并不能促进树木生长。3)气候变化背景下, 衰退树木对干旱更为敏感, 干旱胁迫下, 退化程度大的林分采取更为严格的气孔策略。4) CO<sub>2</sub>浓度增加及气温上升的促进作用无法抵消干旱胁迫加剧对树木生理机能的不利影响, 长期干旱胁迫可能导致退化树木生长进一步衰退。
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<p id="p00000"><strong><i>Aims</i></strong> As one of the important species in shelterbelt forests of the northern China, the large-scale decline of the <i>Populus simonii</i> has a serious impact on the healthy development of the ecosystem and the sustainable management of shelterbelt forests, and the investigation on the causes of <i>P. simonii</i> degradation in the context of climate change can provide a reference for the management of plantation forests.</p><p id="p00005"><strong><i>Methods</i></strong> The study investigated three <i>P. simonii</i> plantation forests with different degradation levels in Zhangbei, and compared their basal area increment (BAI), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), tree ring carbon stable isotopes ratio, and stomatal regulation strategies, in order to analyze the impacts of climate change on the growth of <i>P. simonii</i> and its intrinsic water use efficiency.</p><p id="p00010"><strong><i>Important findings</i></strong> The results showed that: 1) CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and air temperature were the main drivers of iWUE changes, with a significant increasing trend in iWUE under the combined effects of increasing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, climate change and physiological conditions. 2) The tree growth in the three <i>P. simonii</i> stands with different levels of degradation was mainly determined by air temperature, and in most cases the increase in iWUE did not promote tree growth. 3) Declining trees were more sensitive to drought in the context of climate change, and more stringent stomatal strategies were adopted by highly degraded stands under drought stress. 4) The negative effects of increased drought stress on tree physiology could not be counteracted by increased CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations and increased air temperatures, and prolonged drought stress might lead to further decline in the growth of degraded trees.</p>
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曹新光, 胡红兵, 李颖俊, 等. 亚热带人工和天然马尾松、杉木林生长对干旱的生态弹性差异[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(10): 3531-3538.
选取福建中西部地区相似气候条件下马尾松和杉木的天然林和人工林进行研究,利用年轮宽度、年轮宽度指数和断面积增量重建了4种林型共109株松树20年(1993—2012年)的年生长量,计算其对连续两次极端干旱事件(2003—2004年和2011年)的抵抗力、恢复力和弹性指数,分析人工林和天然林在抵抗力和弹性方面的差异。结果表明:马尾松和杉木对水分的需求在时间上存在差异,这解释了其对2003—2004年干旱事件的响应不一致。干旱压力极大地降低了马尾松和杉木的生长,但树木生长并未表现出干旱遗留效应。受干旱强度的影响,4种林型径向生长对2003—2004年干旱的响应强于2011年。干旱事件后马尾松比杉木具有更强的恢复能力;天然林比人工林对干旱的敏感性更高,同时弹性也更大。杉木人工林更容易受到频发的极端干旱事件的影响,在人工林抚育管理中应选择抗旱能力较强的遗传种源,以应对气候变暖导致的干旱频发。
(
We sampled <i>Pinus massoniana</i> and <i>Cunninghamia lanceolata</i> in both plantation and natural forests in central and western Fujian Province, China. Using tree-ring width, tree-ring width index, and basal area increment, we reconstructed the annual growth of 109 conifer individuals from four sites for the 20-year period from 1993 to 2012. We then calculated resistance, recovery, and resilience indices of those trees in response to two consecutive extreme droughts (2003-2004 and 2011) and analyzed the differences in resistance and resilience between plantations and natural fore-sts. The results showed that there were temporal differences in moisture requirements between <i>P. massoniana</i> and <i>C. lanceolata</i>, which accounted for their inconsistent responses to drought in 2003-2004. For both species, drought induced a marked growth reduction, without any clear lag effect. The growth responses during and following the 2003-2004 drought were significantly stronger than that for the 2011 drought. Those results indicated that <i>P. massoniana</i> was more resilient to drought stress than <i>C. lanceolata</i>, and the natural forests were more sensitive than plantations, but with stronger capacity to recover. <i>C. lanceolata</i> plantations were more susceptible to frequent extreme drought events. To mitigate the vulnerability of plantation trees to more frequent droughts in the future, we suggested select trees from genetic provenances with strong drought resistance.
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特力格尔, 那仁满都拉, 郭恩亮, 等. 内蒙古植被稳定性及其影响因素分析[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2022, 39(4):70-76.
植被是生态系统的主要组成部分,在调节全球气候变化和生态平衡方面有重要作用,是气候变化的指示器。因此,研究植被弹性和抗性及影响因素对区域植被稳定性现状和生态可持续发展具有重要意义。基于2000—2019年MOD13A2 NDVI数据、气象数据和植被类型数据,通过自回归模型、趋势分析及地理空间分析方法,对内蒙古植被稳定性及其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明:内蒙古森林、草甸草原和荒漠草原区NDVI在2000—2019年期间呈增加趋势,植被覆盖整体上趋于改善;植被弹性指标与森林、草甸草原平均NDVI拟合度较差,与荒漠草原NDVI拟合度较高,表示森林和草甸草原植被弹性较大、荒漠草原植被弹性低;荒漠草原对降水和气温抗性较大,森林、草甸草原对气温抗性较小。上述结果表明内蒙古地区的不同类型植被弹性随气候因素变化而变化,并且降水是内蒙古地区植被覆盖变化的主导限制因素。
(
As a major component of ecosystem, vegetation plays a vital role in regulating global climate change and ecological balance. It is an indicator of climate change. The study of vegetation elasticity, vegetation resistance and their influencing factors is of great significance to regional vegetation stability and ecological sustainable development. Based on the MOD13A2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, meteorological data and vegetation type data from 2000 to 2019, we discussed the vegetation stability and its influencing factors in Inner Mongolia through autoregressive model, trend analysis and geospatial analysis. Results illustrated that the NDVI of forest, meadow grassland and desert grassland in Inner Mongolia increased from 2000 to 2019, and vegetation coverage tended to improve as a whole. The fitting degree between vegetation elastic index and average NDVI of forest and meadow steppe is low, and the fitting degree between vegetation elastic index and NDVI of desert steppe is higher, which indicates that the vegetation elasticity of forest and meadow steppe is high, and that of desert steppe is low. Desert steppe is more resistant to precipitation and temperature, while forest and meadow steppe are less resistant to temperature. The results suggest that the elasticity of different types of vegetation in Inner Mongolia varies with climate factors, and precipitation is the major limiting factor of vegetation change in Inner Mongolia.
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| [28] |
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| [29] |
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