由于膨胀土对于水的敏感性,膨胀土渠坡及其衬砌结构的稳定性是南水北调中线一期工程建设和运行遇到的重要挑战之一。在地层结构分类基础上,开展了膨胀土地区的渗透结构分类、渗流系统分类以及膨胀土渠坡渗流系统分类研究。针对各类膨胀土渠坡渗流系统,分析了渠道工程对渗流场的改造作用,归纳了各自的渗流控制任务,提出了渗流控制措施的应用原则:非饱和带设置排水垫层以利于含水率的长效控制,合理设计马道以减轻对渗流控制的负效应,合理运用排水孔和减压井控制地下水流场及水压力,地下水动态变化与渠道水位变化范围交叉渠段应合理设置逆止阀并保障其灵敏性和可靠性,工程长期运行过程中跟踪研究渗流控制效果和适时有效调控渗流场。

Because expansive soil is very sensitive to water,the stability of expansive soil slope and its lining structure is one of the important challenges for the construction and operation of the first-stage project of middle route South-to-North Water Diversion in China. On the basis of geological structure classification, the permeability structure and seepage field system in expansive soil area and also the seepage field system in expansive soil slope of canal were classified respectively. For different kinds of seepage field system in expansive soil slope of canal, the seepage field transformations caused by canal construction were analyzed. The main tasks for seepage field control were discussed, and the principle was pointed out for the application of seepage field control scheme: laying drainage liner for long-term control of water content in unsaturated slope, deliberate design of berms with their negative effects on seepage control considered, reasonable utilization of drainage holes and relief wells to control seepage field and ground water pressure, reasonable arrangement of sensitive and reliable check valves for the canal stretches with the variation range of ground water level overlapping that of canal water level, tracking research on the efficiency of seepage field control and timely regulating it effectively.

南水北调中线工程中渗流调控是保障渠坡及衬砌板稳定的关键。为全面分析高地下水地区挖方渠段渗流调控措施合理性及优化的效果,针对典型渠段建立渗流模型,通过三维有限元数值模拟,研究渠道渗流场分布规律,比较不同措施的调控效果。结果表明:排水垫层结合逆止阀、排水板结合逆止阀、排水板结合衬砌板透水缝等3种排水措施都能有效降低渠底衬砌板下扬压力。最后比较了上述3种措施的差别,讨论了应用条件,提出了相应的建议,对类似工程有借鉴意义。

Seepage field regulation is crucial for the stability of canal slope and liner plate along the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, especially for stretches excavated in expensive soil area with high groundwater level. In this article, the seepage field of a typical section was simulated with 3-D finite element technology to investigate into the rationality and effectiveness of seepage regulation measures comprehensively. The distribution of seepage field was analyzed and the seepage control measures were compared. Results show that the uplift pressure on canal pavement would be reduced significantly by drainage cushion with drainage holes opening only when groundwater level is higher than the canal water level, by drainage cushion replaced by drainage board, and by drainage holes replaced with permeable joints of liner plate in addition. The differences in the three measures were compared, and their application conditions were discussed and corresponding suggestions were given.

南水北调中线工程运行以来,发挥了巨大社会效益,沿途及京津冀地区对其调水需求日增,渠道停水检修将带来较大风险,因此面临输水状态下渠道衬砌板破坏抢修难题。部分挖方渠道衬砌板下有复杂的渗控措施,输水状态下采用围堰干地抢修渠底和较深部位的渠坡衬砌板时,需解决围堰基坑内外水位差可能带来的基坑内渠坡抗浮和渗透破坏问题。鉴于此,在渠道渗控设计及围堰布置基础上,根据“前堵后排”思想,提出一种围堰基坑“外、中、内”三防线渗控方案,即围堰基坑外围渠基透水管封堵,基坑周边安装水泵抽排。三维渗流场模拟结果表明,该方案可显著降低基坑周边衬砌板下砂垫层内水平渗透比降和基坑涌水量,能保证基坑渗流安全。研究成果可为南水北调中线输水状态下挖方渠道围堰干地抢修提供理论依据和技术支持。

Having produced tremendous social benefits since its operation, the middle route project of the South-to-North Water Transfer has attracted increasing demands from areas along the route and in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Maintenance of the channel with water cutoff would bring about risks; hence repairing the channel lining board and in the meantime maintaining water delivery poses a difficulty for engineers. Complicated seepage control measures were arranged under the lining board in some excavated channels with high-level groundwater. In emergency maintenance of the lining board at bottom or at deep by constructing cofferdam in the presence of water conveyance, engineers are faced with anti-floating problems and seepage failure possibly caused by the water level difference inside and outside the cofferdam foundation pit. In view of this, in line with the design of seepage control and cofferdam layout, we propose a seepage control plan for the cofferdam foundation pit: to block the permeable pipe of the canal foundation outside the cofferdam foundation pit, and to install water pump around the pit for drainage. Simulation results of the three-dimensional seepage field demonstrate that the horizontal permeability gradient and the water inflow of the foundation pit can be reduced remarkably by using the plan, hence ensuring the safety of foundation pit. The research finding offers theoretical basis and technical support for the emergency maintenance in the presence of water delivery.

高地下水位是危及大型长距离引调水挖方渠道衬砌安全的最主要因素之一,尤其是挖方渠道途经山前平原时,其衬砌安全极易受山前过渡带地下水变化的影响。为了揭示地下水变化对渠道衬砌板稳定影响规律,以南水北调中线某段典型挖方渠段为例,利用地下水监测资料及三维渗流模型分析,结合山前平原地层结构特点,首次阐明输水渠道与山前平原地下水互馈关系,并给出相应对策建议。结果表明:渠道切割山前平原表层透水层形成阻水效应;降雨及山前径流致使山前至渠道之间地带地下水位升高,是导致衬砌板隆起破坏的直接原因。研究成果可为类似山前平原区引调水渠道设计、运维及险情整治提供理论依据和技术支撑。