PDF(8397 KB)
PDF(8397 KB)
PDF(8397 KB)
水下结构缺陷无损检测技术与应用研究进展
Review of Research Progress and Application of Non-destructive Testing Technologies for Underwater Structural Defects
水工混凝土结构易因设计施工缺陷及服役期环境温湿度交变、多场耦合荷载作用,产生表观裂缝、剥蚀和内部空洞、蜂窝等损伤,结构连接处易发生错台与沉降差。其中,水下结构因承受更高荷载及复杂环境,检测需求尤为迫切。聚焦水下结构无损检测技术研究进展,系统分析了光学成像技术、声呐扫描技术、浅地层剖面技术和冲击映像法的应用现状与发展趋势。光学成像技术可识别表观缺陷,但受水体能见度限制且分辨率不足;声呐技术适用于浑浊水体,却易受噪声干扰且缺乏缺陷特征数据库。针对内部缺陷,浅地层剖面技术对基础脱空检测具潜力但应用较少;冲击映像法通过应力波识别内部缺陷,但信号解析精度不足。未来重点研究方向包括:①构建深度学习驱动的多源数据融合框架,提升光学/声呐系统特征识别能力;②发展声光协同检测技术,融合光学细节与声呐环境适应性;③开发应力波信号分离算法与定量评估模型,提升冲击映像法精度。
Hydraulic concrete structures are prone to various types of defects during construction and service. These defects are primarily categorized into three major types: apparent defects, internal defects, and defects at structure-foundation connections. Apparent defects, such as surface cracks, spalling, and cavitation, are primarily induced by thermal stress, shrinkage deformation, and environmental erosion. Specifically, the scouring and abrasion from sediment-laden flow can lead to surface spalling, while high-velocity water flow tends to cause cavitation. Internal defects mainly manifest as honeycombs and voids, which are primarily caused by issues like entrapped air bubbles and grout leakage from formwork due to the difficulties in underwater vibration. These issues are particularly prone to occur in areas with dense reinforcement or in mass concrete. Defects at structure-foundation connections primarily include misalignment and differential settlement, mainly resulting from the combined effects of multiple complex factors, such as repeated hydraulic pressure, uneven foundation settlement, and temperature variations. For concealed and hard-to-access underwater structural defects, non-destructive testing (NDT) technologies demonstrate distinct advantages. This study systematically reviews the research progress on four major NDT methods: optical imaging, sonar scanning, sub-bottom profiling, and impact-echo method. Optical imaging can effectively identify apparent defects through image analysis. However, affected by the optical properties of water, it suffers from problems such as poor image quality and limited identification accuracy. Sonar scanning can overcome the limitations of turbid water and achieve large-scale detection. However, its imaging resolution is relatively low, and it lacks a systematic correspondence between defect features and image features. Sub-bottom profiling, based on the strong penetration capability of low-frequency sound waves, shows potential in detecting internal defects of underwater structures and foundation conditions. However, its application research in the hydraulic engineering field remains relatively limited. The impact-echo method enables the detection of internal defects by analyzing the propagation characteristics of stress waves, unaffected by water and steel reinforcement. However, it still faces challenges in signal interpretation and quantitative evaluation. Based on the analysis and discussion of current research on NDT technologies for underwater structural defects, future development of these technologies should focus on the following directions: (1) establishing a deep learning-driven multi-source data fusion framework to enhance the capability of defect feature recognition; (2) developing opto-acoustic collaborative detection technologies that integrate the detailed resolution capability of optical imaging with the environmental adaptability of sonar; (3) developing more advanced stress-wave signal processing algorithms and quantitative evaluation models to improve the detection accuracy of the impact-echo method. Through multi-technology integration and intelligent development, it is expected that more comprehensive and accurate detection and assessment of underwater structural defects can be achieved, thereby providing strong technical support for the safe operation of hydraulic engineering projects.
hydraulic concrete structures / underwater environment / defects / non-destructive testing
| [1] |
金凤君, 叶志聪, 陈卓, 等. 面向中国式现代化的国家水网建设方向与战略途径[J]. 经济地理, 2024, 44(1):148-156.
国家水网是保障国家水安全的重要基础和支撑,是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的先行领域。文章在总结我国水利建设发展历程和主要成就的基础上,从国家水网建设的地理效应、中国式现代化对国家水网建设的要求和目标等方面进行了深入分析,提出了推进中国式现代化国家水网建设的战略途径。研究认为：①改革开放以来,我国水利建设经历了政策调整、管理变轨、民生发展和制度保障4个阶段,2023年进入全局统筹阶段,形成了显著的经济、社会、生态和安全效益。②缓解生态文明建设和经济社会高质量发展面临的水资源短缺、水环境污染和水生态损害等瓶颈制约,形成与基本实现社会主义现代化相适应的国家水安全保障体系,是新发展阶段中国式现代化对国家水网建设的基本要求。③未来应立足流域整体和水资源空间均衡,用系统思维统筹水的全过程治理,分流域、分层级推进国家水网“一张网”建设,促进人水关系协调和人地关系地域系统整体优化,为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供有力的水安全保障。
(
|
| [2] |
张戎令, 郝兆峰, 马丽娜, 等. 核心混凝土缺陷率与缺陷位置对钢管混凝土承载力的影响[J]. 建筑结构, 2021, 51(2): 78-84.
(
|
| [3] |
张涛. 水工混凝土结构无损检测方法的比对与分析[D]. 郑州: 华北水利水电大学, 2022.
(
|
| [4] |
|
| [5] |
陈钊. 宝鸡峡灌区渠道混凝土裂缝成因及预防与处理措施探讨[J]. 地下水, 2023, 45(4): 306-307.
(
|
| [6] |
陈卫, 任凯麟, 张御翎, 等. 多沙河流闸门过流面抗冲磨防护环氧砂浆的研制及性能研究[J]. 水资源与水工程学报, 2023, 34(3): 129-135.
(
|
| [7] |
董志勇, 徐旭意, 李宇航. 沙粒粒径对混凝土表面高速水流空蚀的影响[J]. 中国腐蚀与防护学报, 2023, 43(1): 166-172.
在小型循环式水洞中试验研究了沙粒粒径对高速水流空蚀的影响。由筛分法获取5种沙粒的典型中值粒径 (0.08，0.25，1，2，3 mm)，配制相同含沙量S=12 kg/m<sup>3</sup>的挟沙水样，用红外测沙仪实时量测高速挟沙水流的含沙量。对于每一粒径的挟沙水流，利用压力数据采集系统实时采集水洞工作段的压力，并与清水情形进行比较。制作了水灰比W/C=0.4，灰砂比C/S=1.5，7 d龄期强度f<sub>cu，k</sub>=17.8 MPa的混凝土试件，安放在水洞工作段混凝土试件盒中进行4 h的空蚀试验，对每一粒径在不同流速时的混凝土试件空蚀量进行了比较。结果表明，在含沙量S=12 kg/m<sup>3</sup>，V=38.2 m/s工况下，空化段挟沙水流压力随粒径的增大而降低，致使初生空化数减小，从而促进空化的形成；空蚀段挟沙水流压力则随粒径增大而升高，具有促进空蚀的作用；混凝土试件的空蚀程度随粒径的增大而加剧，并且流速提高使空蚀范围进一步扩大。
(
Effect of the variation of sand grain size on cavitation erosion of concrete in sand-bearing water flow was experimentally investigated via a small looped water tunnel. Sand grains with five typical median particle sizes (0.08, 0.25, 1, 2 and 3 mm) were obtained by sieving method. For each grain size, the sand-bearing water samples with the same sand content S=12 kg/m3 for each given sand grain size were prepared respectively. The sand content of high-speed sand carrying water flow was real-timely measured by an infrared suspended solid analyzer. The pressure at the working section of the water tunnel for each sand-carrying flow with a given grain size was acquired by pressure data acquisition system in real-time, then of which a comparison was made with the case of clear water. Concrete specimens with water-cement ratio W/ C=0.4, cement-sand ratio C/ S=1.5，7 d aging strength fcu,k=17.8 MPa were poured. Afterwards, the specimen was placed into a specimen box fixed in the working section of water tunnel to undergo cavitation erosion test for 4 h by different flow speeds for one sand carrying water with a given sand grain size. The results showed that for the case with send content of S=12 kg/m3 and flow speed V=38.2 m/s, the flow pressure at cavitation zone decreased with the increase in sand grain size, which resulted in decrease in the incipient cavitation number and promoted the formation of cavitation; the sand carrying flow pressure at cavitation-erosion zone increased with the increase in sand grain size, which could promote the cavitation erosion. The cavitation erosion level of the concrete specimen was aggravated with the increase in sand grain size, and the cavitation erosion range was further spread with the increasing flow velocity. |
| [8] |
张艺清. 渠道衬砌板修复水下自密实混凝土的制备与性能研究[D]. 武汉: 长江科学院, 2020.
(
|
| [9] |
|
| [10] |
余杰. 软基水闸底板脱空区域识别方法研究[D]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2021.
(
|
| [11] |
郑晓阳, 张晓亮, 陈嘉敏, 等. 大型输水渠道在不停水工况下衬砌板局部隆起处理分析[J]. 陕西水利, 2022(4):141-142,146.
(
|
| [12] |
程风雯, 甘进, 李星, 等. 基于DCGAN的水下结构物表面缺陷图像生成[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2023, 40(9): 155-161.
为提升水下结构物表面缺陷图像数据集的质量和规模,促进深度学习相关方法在水下检测领域中的应用,开展数据增强方法研究,提出一种基于深度卷积生成对抗网络(DCGAN)的水下结构物表面缺陷图像生成方法。首先,设计了一种水下结构物表面缺陷图像采集装置,通过改变拍摄距离和补充光照强度,探究出一种保证水下图像质量的采集方式;其次,通过改进损失函数优化DCGAN,建立水下结构物表面裂缝图像生成模型,实现了水下结构物表面缺陷图像的生成;最后,利用YOLOv5检测网络验证生成图像的有效性。结果表明:生成的水下结构物表面裂缝图像平均峰值信噪比为25.142 6 dB,平均结构相似性为0.716 8,将生成图像和真实图像共同输入检测模型可有效提高检测精度。研究成果为大坝和引水隧洞等水工结构物的健康检测提供技术支撑。
(
|
| [13] |
孙保燕, 陈文. 三维激光扫描和红外检测融合技术的工程应用[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2020, 37(2):170-173,178.
为了解决传统红外热成像仪探测建筑物墙面的热工缺陷时得到的二维图像信息存在缺少目标位置信息、数据杂乱无序的问题,提出一种将图像信息和点云模型融合的方法。该方法通过红外图像处理、直方图面积计算、提取边缘轮廓和模型融合,得到具有目标探测信息的三维建筑模型,并利用标识点分析了模型的拼接误差。研究和实践结果表明:此方法具有可行性,拼接模型精度高;采用融合的三维建筑模型可以直观地获取热工缺陷的位置坐标和面积大小,便于指导修复工作。研究成果对于信息集成化管理、智慧建筑检测等具有一定的指导意义和应用价值。
(
The 2D image obtained by traditional infrared thermal imager lacks target position and the data is chaotic in the detection of thermal defects of building wall. In view of this, a method by fusion of image information and point-cloud model is presented in this paper. This method obtains a 3D building model with target information through infrared image processing, histogram area calculating, edge contour extracting and model fusing. The mosaic error of the obtained model is also analyzed using the identification points. Research and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the present method and the high precision of the splicing model. The position coordination and area of thermal defects can be acquired directly by the integrated 3D building model to guide the repair work. The research finding is of guiding significance and application value for integrated information management and intelligent building detection.
|
| [14] |
|
| [15] |
王薇, 卢圣力, 赵仁基, 等. 高分辨率跨孔超声波透射成像研究与应用:以某水库大坝裂隙探测为例[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2021, 38(9):154-158.
水库大坝渗水问题一直是工程建设中的难题,尤其是大坝蓄水后,渗漏现象处理较为困难。常规的高密度电法、探地雷达等无损检测手段受到场地或干扰条件限制,很难准确发现渗漏具体位置和规模。引入跨孔超声波透射技术对大坝裂隙进行探测,将获取的声波初至走时进行拾取,利用网格射线获取大坝介质内部波速结构,结合PSD(Power Spectral Density)判别法判断大坝裂缝发育的具体位置和规模。研究结果表明:跨孔声波法透射成像技术能获取较高的分辨率,精细探测水库大坝坝肩裂隙发育状态,探测结果与钻孔取芯资料高度吻合。该方法的成功引入为水库大坝渗漏检测提供了行之有效的新手段,其探测成果不仅可为大中型水库大坝渗漏处理提供检测依据,还可为水库大坝风险后果综合评价提供参考,具有较高的推广应用价值。
(
The seepage of reservoir dam has always been a difficult problem in engineering construction, especially after the impoundment of dam. Limited by site or interference conditions, conventional nondestructive testing methods such as high-density electrical method and ground penetrating radar could not easily find the specific location and scale of leakage accurately. In this paper, the cross-hole ultrasonic transmission technology is introduced to detect the cracks in a dam. The first-break travel time of the obtained sound wave is picked up, and the wave velocity structure in the dam medium is obtained by using grid ray. The specific location and scale of dam cracks are determined with PSD (power spectrum density) discriminant method. The research results demonstrate that the cross-hole acoustic transmission imaging technology could detect the fracture development state of dam abutment by obtaining high resolution images. The detection results are highly consistent with the drilling data. In conclusion, it is proved to be an effective method for detecting reservoir dam leakage. The detection results offer detection basis for the treatment of leakage in large and medium-sized reservoir dam, and also provide reference for comprehensive assessment of reservoir dam risk consequences.
|
| [16] |
胡晓. 地质雷达法与冲击回波法在铁路隧道衬砌质量检测中的综合运用[J]. 现代隧道技术, 2023, 60(增刊1): 187-191.
(
|
| [17] |
李军, 刘文昊, 杨建喜, 等. 冲击回波法检测钢衬混凝土组合结构脱空缺陷试验研究与应用[J]. 水利水电技术(中英文), 2023, 54(7): 128-140.
(
|
| [18] |
|
| [19] |
李扬涛, 赵海涛, 魏洋, 等. 视觉驱动的涉水混凝土结构水下多类别缺陷辨识和区域弱监督定位方法[J]. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 2025, 33(1): 60-75.
(
|
| [20] |
|
| [21] |
包龙生, 赵春艳, 于玲, 等. 基于图像处理技术的水下结构物表面缺陷检测统计方法[J]. 沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 36(5): 853-859.
(
|
| [22] |
Under the action of water erosion and self-aging, reservoir dams are prone to develop cracks, which affect safe operation. Underwater visual imaging can be used to detect dam surface cracks, but spalling, aquatic plants and suspended sediments result in low image contrast and complex backgrounds. With the use of unsupervised machine learning, this paper proposes a fine segmentation and extraction algorithm for image-based dam surface cracks. First, adaptive histogram equalization is used to change the uneven illumination areas of underwater surface images intoeven illumination areas, whose statistical characteristics are calculated under linear spatial filtering. Second, the extraction problem of crack areas of interest after dodging preprocessing is transformed into calculating the distance of the image block cluster center, which can distinguish the image blocks of crack features from the background interference features. Third, the fine extraction of crack images is carried out by considering the connected domains and morphological features, and the posterior probability of an image sample category is obtained based on the soft clustering of a Gaussian mixed model. Finally, different extraction algorithms related to surface cracks are evaluated in extensive experiments. The results validate the superior performance of the proposed extraction algorithm with 90.1% extraction accuracy, 6.5% missing alarm rate and 7.2% false alarm rate.
|
| [23] |
|
| [24] |
|
| [25] |
范新南, 顾丽萍, 巫鹏, 等. 一种仿水下生物视觉的大坝裂缝图像增强算法[J]. 光电子·激光, 2014, 25(2):372-377.
(
|
| [26] |
|
| [27] |
|
| [28] |
刘巍, 葛海彬, 徐妍彦, 等. 基于智能机器人的水下建筑物裂缝检测方法与应用[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2023, 40(4):164-169,190.
针对水下建筑物裂缝检测问题,研发了一款新型智能水下机器人,此机器人具备恒温控制、低耗能驱动功能,可以在超低温深水环境下进行自主采集数据、导航与定位。基于机器人采集得到的图像数据,在图像预处理、深度卷积网络理论和裂缝特征数据标注的基础上,改进了原始的CNN模型,提出了特征金字塔融合卷积神经网络模型FPECNN,对不同类型的裂缝进行了提取。将FPECNN网络应用于莲花水电站大坝的裂缝检测工程中,计算结果表明FPECNN在检测率、召回率和F值上都处于较高的水平,达到了97.26%、98.04%和96.65%,耗时为3.12 s;FPECNN网络普适性与鲁棒性更佳,能够适应大多数的裂缝数据,生存能力更好,有利于解决常规CNN模型在水下建筑物检测中检测率低、效率低的问题。该智能机器人可将检测人员从高寒水下恶劣、繁重和危险的现场作业中解脱出来,同时解决水电站传统检测中因弃水造成的巨大经济损失问题,并能提高检测效率和精度。
(
|
| [29] |
|
| [30] |
王文轩, 李炎清, 陈炳聪, 等. 二维声呐水下墩桩分层定位斜率测量方法[J]. 工程力学, 2024, 41(增刊1): 83-88.
(
|
| [31] |
黄泽孝, 孙红亮. ROV在深埋长隧洞水下检查中的应用[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2019, 36(7): 170-174.
为了无损检查深埋长隧洞在长期运行后的冲刷破坏程度,为其运行安全评价及检修维护方案的制定提供数据依据,采用遥控无人潜水器ROV(Remotely Operated Vehicle)系统中的声呐进行全覆盖扫描,对重点关注部位及声呐探测异常区域结合水下机器人系统中的视频进行验证,检查混凝土表面缺陷以及附着物情况、底板磨损情况和结合部位完好性等。通过工程实践,有效地提供了长期承受高水流冲刷作业的深埋长隧洞的运行现状资料,总结了ROV应用中的优势及不足,为ROV在类似工程水下检查中的推广应用提供参考。
(
Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) is employed in the nondestructive inspection of erosion damage of a deep-buried long tunnel after long-term operation to offer data basis for safety evaluation and maintenance. The defectives and deposits on concrete surface, the abrasion of tailrace floor, and the integrity of contact locations are inspected via full-coverage scanning using sonar in the ROV system; important parts and sonar-inspected abnormal areas are verified through videos obtained by autonomous underwater vehicle. This engineering practice provides engineers with the operation status of deep-buried long tunnel subjected to long-term scouring. In addition, the advantages and shortcomings of the application of ROV are also presented.
|
| [32] |
To overcome the shortcomings of the traditional manual detection of underwater targets in side-scan sonar (SSS) images, a real-time automatic target recognition (ATR) method is proposed in this paper. This method consists of image preprocessing, sampling, ATR by integration of the transformer module and YOLOv5s (that is, TR–YOLOv5s), and target localization. By considering the target-sparse and feature-barren characteristics of SSS images, a novel TR–YOLOv5s network and a down-sampling principle are put forward, and the attention mechanism is introduced in the method to meet the requirements of accuracy and efficiency for underwater target recognition. Experiments verified the proposed method achieved 85.6% mean average precision (mAP) and 87.8% macro-F2 score, and brought 12.5% and 10.6% gains compared with the YOLOv5s network trained from scratch, and had the real-time recognition speed of about 0.068 s per image.
|
| [33] |
杨国明, 朱俊江, 赵冬冬, 等. 浅地层剖面探测技术及应用[J]. 海洋科学, 2021, 45(6): 147-162.
(
|
| [34] |
姜文龙, 周锡芳, 杨旭辉, 等. 基于水声信号的水下衬砌基础结构破坏检测技术[J]. 人民黄河, 2022, 44(6):134-138.
(
|
| [35] |
潘纪顺, 张嘉乐, 张允涛, 等. 浅地层剖面探测技术在水闸底板探测中的应用[J]. 科技创新与应用, 2023, 13(33):193-196.
(
|
| [36] |
赵盛杰. 基于冲击回波的混凝土桥面板分层缺陷检测方法研究[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2021.
(
|
| [37] |
张景奎, 崔德密. 冲击回波法检测混凝土结构厚度与缺陷的试验研究[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2018, 35(2): 125-128, 134.
为了验证冲击回波法检测混凝土结构厚度及内部缺陷的有效性与适用性,根据实际工程中混凝土结构常见的质量缺陷特征,设计制作了一系列含有不同类型和性质缺陷以及无缺陷的混凝土模型试件,并应用冲击回波法对这些模型试件进行检测试验,据此深入研究了冲击回波方法所激发的低频应力波在混凝土介质中传播的基本特性及影响因素,并对冲击回波法检测混凝土厚度和内部缺陷的检测识别方法以及检测适用范围进行了系统的研究。试验结果表明:对于只具备单一检测面的混凝土结构检测,冲击回波法是目前最为有效的无损检测方法,在其适用范围内能够得到较好的检测结果,但是,目前该方法在测试能力上尚存在一定的局限性。
(
To verify the effectiveness and applicability of Impact-Echo method in detecting the thickness and internal defects of concrete structures, in this study we design defect-free concrete specimens and concrete specimens containing different types and properties of defects in line with common defects of concrete structure in practical engineering, and apply Impact-Echo method to testing these model specimens. The basic characteristics and influence factors of low frequency stress wave excited by the impact echo method are studied, and the detection techniques and application range of impact echo method are analyzed systematically. Research results show that the impact echo method is currently the most effective non-destructive testing method for concrete structures with only a single detection surface. Within its scope of application, satisfactory detection results can be achieved, yet still with some limitations in the test capability.
|
| [38] |
彭冬. 大型混凝土结构裂缝无损检测方法研究及裂缝成因分析[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2016.
(
|
| [39] |
黄涛, 冯少孔, 朱新民, 等. 基于横波冲击映像法的水闸底板脱空缺陷检测[J]. 南水北调与水利科技, 2017, 15(5): 134-140.
(
|
| [40] |
尚海龙, 田苡菲, 黄涛. 基于弹性波动理论的北关闸底板脱空检测分析[J]. 水利建设与管理, 2024, 44(1):11-17.
(
|
| [41] |
李松辉, 张龑, 黄锦林, 等. 基于弹性波场理论的水下闸底板脱空检测方法及应用[J]. 广东水利水电, 2022(5): 7-12.
(
|
| [42] |
李涛, 王颖轶, 黄醒春. 基于冲击映像法盾构同步注浆效果检测与评价[J]. 地下空间与工程学报, 2022, 18(6): 1962-1967, 1978.
针对富水渗透性地层盾构施工同步注浆充填特性,将冲击映像法应用于盾构隧道壁后充填状态的探测。通过冲击弹性波的反射及其区域响应特征的波形分析,基于快速傅里叶变换获取测点冲击响应强度,并通过三维成像建立盾构隧道壁后注浆充填程度空间分布云图。在此基础上,建立检测工程数据样本空间内波形分布及冲击响应强度概率密度函数、风险演化函数,分别定量评价各测区及测线的充填状态及风险;通过检测区域内概率密度函数在对应风险区域的积分,建立盾构隧道同步注浆壁后充填状态综合评价体系。最后,通过工程案例验证了该方法的适用性。
(
|
| [43] |
王求, 冯少孔, 付爱华. 冲击映像法在田基沙水闸闸基脱空检测中的应用[J]. 广东水利水电, 2020(4):1-5,19.
(
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
