跨河桥梁基础冲刷研究综述

王路; 刘宏伟; 魏凯; Bruce MELVILLE; 聂锐华

doi:10.11988/ckyyb.20240564

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长江科学院院报 ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 94-103. DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20240564

水力学

跨河桥梁基础冲刷研究综述

王路 ¹ ,
刘宏伟 ¹ ,
魏凯 ² ,
Bruce MELVILLE ³ ,
聂锐华 ¹

作者信息 +

Review of Research on Foundation Scour of River-Crossing Bridges

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

基础冲刷是导致跨河桥梁水毁的主要原因之一。归纳了跨河桥梁基础冲刷近60 a来的研究成果,总结了一般冲刷、束窄冲刷和局部冲刷3个方面的研究进展,并分析了现有研究的不足。过去60余年,国内外学者基于水槽试验、原型观测、数值模拟等方法,围绕跨河桥梁基础冲刷开展了大量研究,取得了一系列研究成果,显著提高了跨河桥梁基础冲刷的设计水平。由于已有跨河桥梁基础冲刷研究多局限于顺直河道、非黏性河床、单桩结构等简单边界条件,研究方法多基于水槽试验和特定桥梁的原型观测结果,较少考虑人类扰动对河床演变的影响,相关结论和设计方法的适用性和可靠性有限。未来研究需要更好地将水槽试验、原型观测、数值模拟、理论分析、人工神经网络、深度学习等方法进行融合,系统深入开展受人类扰动影响和复杂边界条件的跨河桥梁基础冲刷研究,完善跨河桥梁基础冲刷的理论体系,提出适用性更广、可靠性更高的冲刷设计方法。

Abstract

Foundation scour is one of the primary causes of hydraulic failures in river-crossing bridges. By integrating flume experiments, prototype observations, numerical simulations, and artificial intelligence methods, this study reviews research on foundation scour of river-crossing bridges over the past six decades, summarizes progress in three aspects of general scour, contraction scour, and local scour, analyzes the limitations in existing research, and proposes future research directions. In terms of physical mechanisms, most existing studies focus on bridge foundation scour under simplified boundary conditions such as straight channels, non-cohesive riverbeds, and cylindrical structures. However, cohesive sediments prevalent in natural rivers exhibit complex force interactions and high randomness, resulting in scour processes for bridge foundations that differ significantly from those in non-cohesive riverbeds. Moreover, in common natural channels such as braided, branching, confluence, and alternating wide-narrow channels, water-sediment dynamics and riverbed evolution involve numerous factors with strong uncertainties, making scour mechanisms for bridge foundations more complex than those in straight channels. Therefore, future research must focus on scour mechanisms under more boundary conditions commonly found in natural rivers to improve the theoretical framework for foundation scour of river-crossing bridges. Regarding scour prediction methods, existing research primarily relies on flume experiments and prototype observations of specific bridges. The former’s prediction accuracy is severely affected by scale effects, while the latter has limited applicability. To date, there is a lack of predictive formulas or analytical models that quantitatively consider the scale effects on bridge foundation scour. Data-driven models such as artificial neural networks and deep learning can effectively compensate for the inability of conventional prediction methods for bridge foundation scour to account for complex boundary conditions. In particular, multi-module multilayer perceptrons (multi-module MLPs) can construct hybrid neural networks incorporating physical scour mechanisms, showing great potential in addressing the challenges of predicting scour under complex boundary conditions. In numerical modeling, existing methods are often applicable to low Reynolds number conditions, with insufficient accuracy in capturing turbulence at high Reynolds numbers and absence of standardized grid size criteria. Sediment transport is frequently computed using empirical formulas, and dynamic grid technologies often suffer from low precision. Existing numerical methods exhibit inadequate coupling between turbulence models and sediment transport models. Moreover, current numerical simulations are limited to non-cohesive riverbeds, with few models applicable to cohesive riverbeds and virtually no reported models suitable for stratified riverbeds. Therefore, numerical models for bridge foundation scour require in-depth investigation to address these issues in the future, improving their applicability and reliability under complex boundary conditions. In addition, intensified human interventions—including sand mining, channel regulation, and dam construction—have triggered rapid riverbed degradation in many rivers. These degradation events often occur at scales, rates, and complexity far beyond conventional understanding of general riverbed degradation, resulting in highly destructive and abrupt changes. Future research should systematically investigate riverbed evolution under human disturbances. To build a more comprehensive understanding of foundation scour of river-crossing bridges, future studies should better integrate flume experiments, prototype monitoring, numerical modeling, theoretical analysis, artificial neural networks, and deep learning methods. This will enable systematic investigation of bridge scour under human disturbance and complex boundary conditions, thereby improving the theoretical system and developing more widely applicable and reliable scour design methods.

导出引用

王路, 刘宏伟, 魏凯, 等. 跨河桥梁基础冲刷研究综述[J]. 长江科学院院报. 2025, 42(7): 94-103 https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20240564

WANG Lu, LIU Hong-wei, WEI Kai, et al. Review of Research on Foundation Scour of River-Crossing Bridges[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2025, 42(7): 94-103 https://doi.org/10.11988/ckyyb.20240564

中图分类号： TV143.1 U447

参考文献

列表( 原文顺序 | 文献年度倒序 | 文中引用次数倒序 ) 可视化分析

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https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2021.11.002

摘要

近年来，桥梁水毁日益频发，已成为桥梁倒塌失效的首要因素。从冲刷、洪水2类最主要的水文因素出发，充分结合历史数据，分析并对比其对桥梁水毁的影响程度与规律；并按2类水文因素所对应的不同桥梁倒塌失效模式，对桥梁水毁现有的研究工作和方法进行总结归纳；最后，聚焦实桥应用，对现有桥梁水毁监测和诊治手段进行全面梳理。综述可得以下结论：①冲刷是导致桥梁水毁的最主要因素，所致失效桥型以桁架桥、梁桥、拱桥为主，桥梁服役时间、结构安全状态、年平均径流量均与桥梁所受冲刷程度存在较强相关性；②冲刷坑空间形态数值仿真与试验结果仍有一定差距，其泥沙模型缺少考虑床沙级配的影响，经验公式法尚需突破计算维度的局限性，完善考虑时间因素和黏性土的冲刷深度预测；③现阶段洪水波流竖向升力计算公式较少考虑脉动压力，浪荷载水槽试验尚未完全探明波浪特性与作用力间的联系，桥梁可靠度研究多见以冲刷为主的多灾害下联合效应计算，仍缺少波流、浪力作用与地震动水作用等其他灾害联合作用的深入探讨；④桥梁抗水目前仍局限于流场与结构域的独立研究，未见不同水文因素下基于结构域-流场多场耦合的桥梁失效模式分析；⑤雷达、声波以及潜水员水下检测是现阶段桥梁冲刷主流监测方式，桥梁冲刷动力识别适用于复杂环境下大规模、区域性桥梁检测，但仍有待进一步的应用研究，而既有桥梁水毁诊治手段在具体实施时需因地制宜，避免反而加剧水文病害。

(XIONG

Wen

, CAI

Chun-sheng

, ZHANG

Rong-zhao

. Review of Hydraulic Bridge Failures[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2021, 34(11): 10-28.(in Chinese))

https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2021.11.002

本文引用 [1] 摘要

In recent years, hydraulic failures have occurred more frequently and have become the primary causes of bridge collapse and failure. Combined with historical data, this paper first introduces the scour and flood, which are the three main hydrological factors, and presents an analysis and comparison of their mechanism and impact on hydraulic bridge failure. Second, the existing research achievements and methods of hydraulic bridge failure were summarized based on different collapse modes caused by the two types of hydrological factors investigated previously. Finally, existing monitoring methods and countermeasures are comprehensively reviewed from the viewpoint of applications. From the review, the following conclusions are drawn. ① Scour is the primary cause of hydraulic bridge failure, principally resulting in the failure of beam, truss, and arch bridges. The scour degree of the bridge is significantly correlated to service time, structural state, and annual mean runoff. ② Three-dimensional numerical simulation of scour space morphology still shows differences with experimental data, with the sand model minimally reflecting the graduation. The empirical formula is expected to solve the limitation of the calculation dimension and improve the scour depth prediction with the time factor and cohesion soil. ③ The formula for analyzing the flood lift force currently neglects pulsating pressure. Moreover, the relationship between wave behavior and force is not clearly verified based on the water channel experiment of the wave load. The combined effect analysis with scour is the majority of reliability research on bridges under multiple disasters, but there is a lack of extensive investigations on the combined effects of wave current, wave force, and earthquake hydrodynamic force. ④ The bridge water resistance is still limited to the independent study of the flow field or structural domain, as there is no bridge failure mode analysis based on the multifield interaction of the flow field structural domain under different hydrological factors. ⑤ Radar, sonar, and underwater detection by divers are the current main methods of bridge scour monitoring. Bridge scour dynamic identification is suitable for regional large-scale inspections under complex environments, but further research is required. Existing countermeasures of hydraulic damage should be adjusted to local conditions during the applications to prevent intensifying the damage.

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CARNACINA

, PAGLIARA

, LEONARDI

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https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3451

本文引用 [2] 摘要

The probability of pressurized flow conditions occurring in existing bridges is forecast to increase due to possible changes in extreme precipitation, storm surges, and flooding predicted under climate change scenarios. The presence of a pressure flow is generally associated with scouring processes in proximity to the bridge. Scouring can also occur around bridge piers, possibly causing infrastructure failure. Although there is a vast literature on bridge pier scour and pressure flow scour, only a few studies have investigated their combined effect. This study will provide a new overview of the main features of bridge pier scour under pressurized flow conditions, based on laboratory experiences. Special focus is placed on the analysis of the flow features under pressure and free surface conditions and to the temporal evolution of the scour. A comparison with existing literature data is also conducted. The results highlight the nonlinear nature of scour processes and the need to consider pressurized flow conditions during structural design, as the interaction between pressure flow and the bridge pier strongly influences scour features and leads to scour depths much greater than the sum of the individual scours created only by pressure flow or pier presence.

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[50]

祝志文, 刘震卿. 桥梁基础局部冲刷CFD模拟的研究进展[J]. 中国公路学报, 2021, 34(11): 29-47.

https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2021.11.003

摘要

局部冲刷是涉水桥梁失效的主要原因之一。合理的桥梁基础局部冲刷估计，对保证桥梁基础的设计、施工和维护具有重要意义。基于CFD开展桥梁基础局部冲刷研究具有现场观测和水槽试验不具备的诸多优点。首先阐述了桥梁基础局部冲刷CFD模拟的控制方程、湍流模型和泥沙输运模型，以及报导的主要CFD模拟软件；介绍了国内外研究进展，总结了现有研究存在的不足，分析了其中的原因，探讨了局部冲刷CFD研究的发展方向。分析表明，现有CFD局部冲刷研究存在流动Re数过小、未考虑来流湍流特性或来流湍流特性估计不足、湍流模型对流动的非定常特性捕捉不足，以及采用经验性的定常流泥沙输运模型等问题，使得局部冲刷坑形态和最大深度估计与试验不符。一种有望解决上述问题的途径是采用大涡模拟数值求解欧拉-欧拉两相流方程，通过求解流体相和泥沙相的质量和动量方程，采用合适的泥沙相和流体相的压格子封闭模型，并合理模拟泥沙相内相互作用和泥沙相与流体相的相互作用，通过组合壁函数实现高效数值求解，以获得桥梁基础局部冲刷的合理估计，从而推动局部冲刷CFD模拟向大尺度模型和高流动Re数发展。

(ZHU

Zhi-wen

, LIU

Zhen-qing

. Review on CFD Simulations for Local Scour around Bridge Foundations[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2021, 34(11): 29-47.(in Chinese))

https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2021.11.003

本文引用 [1] 摘要

Local scour is blamed as one of the main causes resulting in failure of bridges over water. Reasonable local scour estimation around the bridge foundation is paramount for design, construction and maintain of bridge substructures. The CFD-based local scour study incorporates many advantages over both the field observation and the water flume test. This paper first introduced the governing equations, turbulent model and sediment transportation model related to the CFD modelling on local scour around bridge foundations, as well as the reported CFD modelling software. The up-to-date advances at home and abroad focusing on local scour study around bridge foundation were also presented. Then, issues in some reported CFD scour studies had been discussed, with the related possible reasons. Finally, future trend on CFD-based local scour was presented. It is found that the current CFD-based local scour studies are commonly carried out under low Reynolds number with empirical sediment transportation model for steady flow. They often ignore the incoming flow turbulence or can not provide accurate incoming flow turbulence, and the employed turbulent models often fail to capture flow turbulent properties. Consequently, the estimated local scour hole shape and maximum depth do not agree well with test results. As a newly developed approach, the large eddy simulation coupled with the wall function provides a promising way to deal with those issues through numerically solving the governing equation of Eulerian-Eulerian two-phase flow. Particularly, the mass and momentum equations are solved for the fluid and sediment phases with suitable subgrid turbulence closures for both the fluid and sediment phases. With reasonable models to represent intergranular interactions and inter-phase interactions, acceptable local scour estimation around bridge foundation can be expected based on high-performance computing with well efficiency, which will facilitate CFD-based local sour simulation applicable to large scale models and high Reynolds number.

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