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抽水蓄能电站水库岩质边坡消落带复绿实践及效果评估
杨志超, 马萧萧, 常世举, 唐玉霜, 赵瑞一, 万丹, 张乾柱
长江科学院院报 ›› 2025, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 86-93.
PDF(11494 KB)
PDF(11494 KB)
抽水蓄能电站水库岩质边坡消落带复绿实践及效果评估
Regreening Practices and Effectiveness Evaluation for Rocky Slope Drawdown Zones in Pumped Storage Power Station Reservoirs
水库的修建严重破坏了库岸生态环境,水位的高频大幅涨落导致消落带生态环境恢复困难。选择河南天池抽水蓄能电站水库为研究对象,对其岩质边坡消落带进行生态修复,保障水资源安全。根据消落带生境特征,围绕抽水蓄能电站水库岩质边坡消落带生态修复重大需求,探讨面向植被生长基质构建、植物群落恢复和植被管护的复绿模式。经历一年多的修复后,该水库消落带植被长势较好,各段均未出现断裂及水土流失的现象,植物出水后的恢复、扩展和拓殖能力较强。在抽水蓄能电站水库岩质边坡消落带生态修复时,可将工程措施和生物措施相结合。常露区和水淹交替区采用土工格栅+生态袋+挂网复合技术,常淹区采用长丝生态袋+挂网复合技术,并在各段合理配置中山杉等13种适生植物。研究成果对于科学指导抽水蓄能电站水库岩质边坡消落带植被复绿具有重要意义。
[Objective] Reservoir construction has severely degraded the ecological environment of reservoir banks. The high-frequency, large-amplitude water level fluctuations make ecological restoration in the drawdown zone particularly challenging. After the operation of Henan Tianchi Pumped Storage Power Station, the water level exhibits significant weekly regulation fluctuations, resulting in large areas of exposed concrete on reservoir banks, severe fragmentation of the drawdown zone, and extreme habitat stress that greatly impedes vegetation restoration. This study focuses on the ecological restoration of the rocky slope drawdown zone in the Henan Tianchi Pumped Storage Power Station reservoir to ensure water resource security. [Methods] To address the severely impaired ecological function of the drawdown zone, this study conducted systematic analysis of habitat characteristics, including hydrological patterns, bank characteristics, non-point source pollution, and plant communities. Focusing on the critical need for ecological restoration in rocky slope drawdown zones of pumped storage reservoirs, this study investigated regreening approaches targeting growth substrate construction, plant community rehabilitation, and vegetation management. [Results] After more than one year of implementation, vegetation in the drawdown zone showed robust growth. No slope failure or soil erosion was observed. Plants exhibited strong resilience in terms of post-submersion recovery, expansion, and colonization, achieving an overall survival rate of 83.2%. Bamboo Willow (Salix sp), Bamboo Willow cuttings (Salix sp), Zhongshan Fir (Taxodium hybrid), Wallich Willow (Salix wallichiana), Chaste Tree (Vitex negundo), Lax-flowered Myricaria (Myricaria laxiflora), Variegated Willow cuttings (Salix variegata), Small Dogwood (Swida paucinervis), and Chinese Distylium (Distylium chinense) all achieved survival rates exceeding 85% and exhibited long-term tolerance to complete submersion. Planting Variegated Willow (Salix variegata) using cuttings was recommended to enhance its survival rate. Through practical restoration efforts within the test area, 13 plant species tolerant to submersion, drought, and barren conditions were selected: Zhongshan Fir (Taxodium hybrid), Bamboo Willow (Salix sp), Wallich Willow (Salix wallichiana), Lax-flowered Myricaria (Myricaria laxiflora), Variegated Willow (Salix variegata), Small Dogwood (Swida paucinervis), Chinese Distylium (Distylium chinense), Chaste Tree (Vitex negundo), Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Indian Shot (Canna indica), Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album), Violet Orychophragmus (Orychophragmus violaceus), and Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus). [Conclusion] Ecological restoration of rocky slope drawdown zones in pumped storage reservoirs requires an integrated approach combining engineering and biological measures. Engineering measures provide the essential soil substrate for plant growth and ensure vegetation survival. Based on a comprehensive consideration of topography, geology, and water level fluctuation patterns, the geogrid + ecological bag + hanging net composite technique is applied in permanently exposed and alternately submerged zones, while the long-fiber ecological bag + mesh reinforcement composite technique is used in permanently submerged zones. Vegetation measures should adopt a tree-shrub-herb configuration model tailored to the degree of submersion stress and the desired landscape effect. ①Permanently exposed zone. Trees: Bamboo Willow (Salix sp), Zhongshan Fir (Taxodium hybrid), Wallich Willow (Salix wallichiana)+Shrubs: Chaste Tree (Vitex negundo) +Herbs: Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus), Violet Orychophragmus (Orychophragmus violaceus), Lamb’s Quarters (Chenopodium album), Indian Shot (Canna indica), and Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon). ②Alternately submerged zone. Trees: Bamboo Willow (Salix sp), Zhongshan Fir (Taxodium hybrid) +Shrubs: Variegated Willow (Salix variegata), Small Dogwood (Swida paucinervis), and Lax-flowered Myricaria (Myricaria laxiflora) +Herbs: Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon). ③Permanently submerged zone. Shrubs: Variegated Willow (Salix variegata), Small Dogwood (Swida paucinervis), and Chinese Distylium (Distylium chinense) +Herbs: Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon). The findings hold significant implications for scientifically guiding regreening efforts in rocky slope drawdown zones of pumped storage power station reservoirs.
岩质边坡消落带 / 生态修复 / 植被 / 复绿实践 / 抽水蓄能电站 / 河南天池
rocky slope drawdown zone / ecological restoration / vegetation / regreening practice / pumped storage power station / Henan Tianchi
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Water-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir is a large area of “winter water and summer land” formed by the periodic submergence in the main and tributaries of the Yangtze River. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to flooding is important for restoration and protection of plant community in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Here, we compare vegetation community changes before and after water fluctuation and summarized the mechanism of annual and perennial plants resisting submergence stress. Annual plants mainly rely on seed dormancy when they are exposed to submergence stress for a long time, while perennial plants may take the “static” strategy to reduce energy consumption and recover rapidly when water falls back. For perennial woody plants in the high altitude, a large number of adventitious roots emerge to alleviate root damage induced by the hypoxia stress in the case of semi-flooding. The research progress of vegetation restoration was summarized and the possible ways to reconstruct plant community of water-level fluctuation zone were discussed according to existing problems, which can provide reference for ecological restoration of vegetation in water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.<br><div> <br></div>
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<div class="title" style="margin:0px 0px 0.6rem;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;font-size:19px;font-family:"vertical-align:baseline;"> Aims</div><p style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:15px;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"> Community assembly links plant traits to particular environmental conditions. Numerous studies have adopted a trait-based approach to understand both community assembly processes and changes in plant functional traits along environmental gradients. In most cases these are long-established, natural or semi-natural environments. However, increasingly human activity has created, and continues to create, a range of new environmental conditions, and understanding community assembly in these ‘novel environments’ will be increasingly important.</p><div class="title" style="margin:1rem 0px 0.6rem;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;font-size:19px;font-family:"vertical-align:baseline;"> Methods</div><p style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:15px;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"> Built in 2006, the Three Gorges Dam, largest hydraulic project in China, created a new riparian area of 384 km<span style="font-style:inherit;font-size:0.75em;line-height:inherit;font-family:"vertical-align:baseline;">2</span>, with massively altered hydrology. This large, newly created ecosystem is an ideal platform for understanding community assembly in a novel environment. We sampled environment variables and plant communities within 103 plots located in both the reservoir riparian zone (RRZ) and adjacent non-flooded and semi-natural upland (Upland) at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. We measured six traits from 168 plant species in order to calculate community-level distribution of trait values. We expected that the altered hydrology in RRZ would have a profound effect on the community assembly process for the local plants.</p><div class="title" style="margin:1rem 0px 0.6rem;padding:0px;border:0px;font-style:inherit;font-weight:bold;font-size:19px;font-family:"vertical-align:baseline;"> Important Findings</div><p style="font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:15px;font-family:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;"> Consistent with previous work on community assembly, the distribution of trait values (range, variance, kurtosis and the standard deviation of the distribution neighbor distances) within all plots was significantly lower than those from random distributions, indicating that both habitat filtering and limiting similarity simultaneously shaped the distributions of traits and the assembly of plant communities. Considering the newly created RRZ relative to nearby sites, community assembly was different in two main ways. First, there was a large shift in the mean trait values. Compared to Upland communities, plant communities in the RRZ had higher mean specific leaf area (SLA), higher nitrogen per unit leaf mass (Nmass), and lower maximum height (MH). Second, in the RRZ compared to the Upland, for the percentage of individual plots whose characteristic of trait values was lower than null distributions, the reductions in the community-level range for SLA, Nmass, nitrogen per unit leaf area (Narea) and phosphorus per unit leaf area (Parea) were much larger, suggesting that the habitat filter in this newly created riparian zone was much stronger compared to longer established semi-natural upland vegetation. This stronger filter, and the restriction to a subset of plants with very similar trait values, has implications for predicting riparian ecosystems’ responses to the hydrological alterations and further understanding for human’s effect on plant diversity and plant floras.</p>
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