近年来国内外高坝泄水建筑物破坏事故时有发生,三峡大坝泄洪流量和落差大,泄洪功率居世界第一,其泄洪安全备受关注。结合三峡大坝自2003年蓄水以来的历次水力学原型观测和以往水工模型试验结果,围绕泄水建筑物布置、泄流能力、动水压强、水流空化、水流掺气与通气风速、空蚀磨损、消能防冲7个要素指标,依据有关技术标准和工程经验建立了一套完整的高坝泄洪安全评价方法,提出了定性标准和量化阈值,并据此对三峡大坝深孔、表孔、排沙孔和排漂孔进行泄洪安全评价。结果表明: 大坝泄水建筑物布置是合理的; 大坝实际泄流量与设计值符合良好; 大坝泄洪流道未见空蚀磨损破坏;三峡大坝运行20 a,泄水建筑物和坝下消能区运行性态正常,泄洪安全可靠。
Abstract
In recent years, incidents of damage to high dam discharge structures have become increasingly frequent. The Three Gorges Dam, boasting the world’s highest discharge volume and falling head, commands unparalleled discharge power, making its discharge safety a matter of great concern. Drawing upon hydraulic prototype observations and model tests conducted since its impoundment in 2003, we examine seven pivotal factors affecting discharge safety: discharge structure layout, discharge capacity, dynamic pressure, flow cavitation, aeration, ventilation wind speed, cavitation wear, as well as energy dissipation and erosion prevention. In accordance with relevant technical standards and engineering experiences, we propose a comprehensive method for evaluating flood discharge safety tailored to high dams, outlining both qualitative criteria and quantitative thresholds. Our findings demonstrate the rationality of discharge structures of the Three Gorges Dam. The actual discharge aligns well with design values. The spillway structure sees no cavitation wear. In conclusion, over the two decades of operation, the drainage structures and energy dissipation zones of the Three Gorges Dam have operated reliably, ensuring the safety and efficacy of flood discharge operations.
关键词
泄洪安全 /
泄水建筑物 /
泄流能力 /
水流掺气 /
空蚀磨损 /
消能防冲 /
三峡大坝
Key words
flood discharge safety /
spillway structures /
discharge capacity /
water flow aeration /
cavitation wear /
energy dissipation and erosion prevention /
Three Gorges Dam
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基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51879013);国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0401904)
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