利用大数据展示了过去500 a非洲具有代表性的国家和中国在水资源应用方面的不同,并着重对中国水资源环境保护问题进行了宏观探讨。改革开放40多年来中国的城市化进程迅速,中国对生态环境的重视程度在逐渐加强。近年来中国在生态环境保护方面加大了力度,采取了一系列污染水体治理措施,研究了一系列污染水体治理方法,比如常见的外源截污、内源控制、水质净化、生态修复以及活水循环。这些方法是具有建设性的,但是在某些情况下缺乏地域性与针对性,这样很可能会蜕变成放之四海而皆准的教条主义,甚至会出现严重的病症。以重庆四山三谷的“清水绿岸”和“两江四岸”为例,阐述了水环境生态保护需要针对水资源质量进行管理,而不仅仅是单一的水质等级达标。在水环境治理与生态修复中需要针对不同级别流域制定不同的水资源质量目标并进行综合管理。

The differences in water resource applications between major countries of Africa and China were shown by analyzing big data in the past five centuries, with focus on macroscopic discussion on issues of China's water resources environmental protection. China's urbanization leaped forward since the reform and opening up four decades ago, and correspondingly China has been attaching ever-increasing importance on ecological environment. In recent years, China has intensified its efforts in ecological protection by taking measures and researching methods of water pollution control, such as external pollution interception, internal pollution controlling, water purification, ecological restoration and flowing water circulation. Such efforts are constructive, though they are prone to degenerate into universal dogmatism, or even cause severe problems especially when little regard is given to regional and target features. The case of Chongqing implementing its “clear water and green banks” project and “two rivers and four banks” project is discussed in this paper. Water environment ecological protection should target at water resources quality and its objectives rather than merely meeting standards of water quality of a given class at monitoring points. In water environment protection and ecological restoration, hierarchical management by different classes of water resources quality objectives needs to be set for different levels of watersheds.