堰塞坝几何形态、粒径级配和库容决定了其溃决机理的复杂性,而溃决过程的精细模拟和峰值流量的准确预测是应急处置的基础和关键。堰塞坝溃决过程与模拟技术是面向国家防灾减灾重大需求的前沿热点问题。在系统梳理国内外试验和数值模拟研究进展的基础上,指出以往试验研究坝体尺度小,足够大的库容基本未模拟,难以显示最终溃口形态;数学模型假设过多,物理机制不健全,均有待发展完善。提出了下阶段大尺度模型试验研究的方案与思路,重点阐明堰塞坝破坏机制与溃口演变完整规律,揭示溃口发展物理全过程。同时,建议开发能够模拟全场和溃决全过程的平面二维水沙耦合数学模型,摈弃长期以来对溃口流量、溃口形状、边坡坡度、残留坝体高程、溃决时间等的事先假设,而将其视为水沙床耦合数学模型数值解的一部分,以期提升堰塞坝溃决模拟水平和预测精度。
Abstract
Determined by its geometric feature, material composition and reservior capacity, the breaching mechanism of natural landslide dam is rather complex. Finely modeling the breaching processes and accurately predicting peak discharge are foundations and key aspects in support to emergency measures, which are also the research focuses facing demands of national hazard prevention and mitigation. In this paper we systematically review previous experiments and numerical studies on landslide breaching, and conclude that the scale of previous experiments were small and the effect of lake volume was not considered, which failed to model the final shape of breach. Meanwhile, physical mechanisms in the existing numerical models were not complete and thus introducing too much unnecessary hypotheses, which requires further development. Large-scale experiment is proposed to study the breaching mechanism and the process of landslide dam. Coupled hydrodynamic-morphological model is recommended to simultaneously model the whole filed and processes including hydrodynamics in the lake, dam breaching process and propagation of resulting flood in the downstream. The new model abandons hypotheses for discharge, shape, side slope, residual dam height and breaching time, which are instead rendered as part of the model solution. Hence, the modelling capacity and prediction accuracy of landslide dam breaching are expected to be largely enhanced.
关键词
堰塞坝 /
溃决过程 /
模拟技术 /
大尺度试验 /
水沙耦合数学模型
Key words
landslide dam /
breaching processes /
technologies of modelling /
large-scale experiment /
coupled hydrodynamic-morphological model
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基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(51979007);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1508600)
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