水资源短缺是影响昆明市区域经济高速、稳定发展的核心问题之一。依据2001—2012年《昆明市水资源公报》数据,采用基尼系数、人均水资源量、水资源开发利用率、水资源负载指数等方法分别对昆明市的水资源变化趋势、时空分布特征、匹配性、短缺格局进行分析。研究结果表明:昆明市人均水资源量不及云南省及全国平均水平,且内部差异明显,多年平均人均水资源量极值比高达10.78,最少的地区为主城四区(299 m3/人);水资源量与GDP、人口匹配性较差,与耕地匹配性相对较好;昆明市水资源主要呈现出“南缺北丰”格局,且缺水地区数量不断增多,多数地区缺水等级逐渐加重。雨洪利用、多方面节水、跨区域调水、产业结构调整等是缓解昆明市水资源短缺的有效措施。
Abstract
Water resources shortage is one of the core problems affecting the rapid growth and stability of economy in Kunming city. According to statistical data from Kunming Water Resource Bulletins from 2001 to 2012, the variation trend, temporal-spatial distributions, matching conditions and patterns of shortage of water resources in Kunming were analyzed by calculating the Gini coefficient, per capita water resources amount, utilization ratio, and load index of water resources. Results revealed that 1) the amount of per capita water resources in Kunming was less than the average values in Yunnan or in China with obvious uneven spatial distribution in the city: the average annual per capita water resources in four main urban areas reached the minimum 299 m3 per capita, while the extremes ratio was up to 10.78; 2)water resources matched well with cultivated land rather than GDP and population;3) water resources were rich in northern counties but poor in southern counties of Kunming city,and in addition, the number of regions in water shortage increased, with the shortage level deteriorating gradually;4) rainwater utilization, water conservation measures, interregional water transfer and industrial restructuring are effective countermeasures of water shortage in Kunming city.
关键词
水资源匹配 /
水资源短缺 /
基尼系数 /
分布格局 /
昆明市
Key words
matching of water resources /
water resources shortage /
Gini coefficient /
distribution pattern /
Kunming city
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 刘昌明, 陈志恺.中国水资源现状评价和供需发展趋势分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2001:42-43.
[2] 王 浩,秦大庸,王建华,等. 区域缺水状态的识别及其多维调控[J]. 资源科学,2003,25(6):2-7.
[3] 夏 军, TANNER T,任国玉,等. 气候变化对中国水资源影响的适应性评估与管理框架[J]. 气候变化研究进展,2008,4(4):215-219.
[4] 刘昌明,孙 睿. 水循环的生态学方面:土壤-植被-大气系统水分能量平衡研究进展[J]. 水科学进展,1999,10(3):251-259.
[5] 罗其友,唐华俊,姜文来. 农业水土资源高效持续配置战略[J]. 资源科学,2001, 23(2):42-45,57.
[6] 张 晶,封志明,杨艳昭. 宁夏平原县域农业水土资源平衡研究[J]. 干旱区资源与环境,2007, 21(2):60-65.
[7] 杨树滩,夏自强. 模糊数学在水资源紧缺程度评价中的应用研究[J]. 长江科学院院报,2005,22(1):25-27,56.
[8] 刘树芬,童绍玉. 云南省楚雄市水资源承载力评价[J]. 云南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012,32(2):68-73.
[9] 李九一,李丽娟. 中国水资源对区域社会经济发展的支撑能力[J]. 地理学报,2012, 67(3):410-419.
[10] GINI C. Variabilità E Mutabilità[M]. Bologna: Tipografia di Paolo Cuppini, 1912:35-36.
[11] LORENZ M O. Methods of Measuring the Concentration of Wealth[J]. Publications of the American Statistical Association, 1905, 9(70): 209-219.
[12] 吴宇哲,鲍海君. 区域基尼系数及其在区域水土资源匹配分析中的应用[J]. 水土保持学报,2003,17(5):123-125.
[13] 贾海峰,王相文. 基于多因子基尼系数的湖库允许纳污负荷分配[J]. 清华大学学报(自然科学版),2013,53(9):1277-1282.
[14] 王志江,胡日东. 关于用拟合曲线法求基尼系数有关问题的探讨[J]. 统计与决策,2006,(12):139-140.
[15] FALKENMARK M, WIDSTRAND C. Population and Water Resources: A Delicate Balance[J]. Population Bulletin, 1992, 47(3): 1-36.
[16] ALCAMO J, DOLL P, HENRICHS T, et al . Development and Testing of the Watergap 2 Global Model of Water Use and Availability[J]. Hydrological Sciences Journal/Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 2003, 48(3): 317-338.
[17] RASKIN P, GLEICK P, KIRSHEN P, et al . Water Futures: Assessment of Long-Range Patterns and Problems. Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World[M]. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute, 1997.
[18] 张 丹,封志明,刘登伟. 基于负载指数的中国水资源三级流域分区开发潜力评价[J]. 资源科学,2008,30(10):1471-1477.
[19] 孟丽红,叶志平,袁素芬,等. 江西省2007—2011年水资源生态足迹和生态承载力动态特征[J]. 水土保持通报, 2015, 35(1):256-261.
PDF(1762 KB)
