水资源短缺和用水的竞争性问题的日益突出，全球性的水危机不断涌现，使水资源合理配置逐步成为水资源领域的研究热点。论述了水资源合理配置的全过程，阐述了水资源合理配置的内容、基础和形式，水资源配置的核心是考虑各种相关因素下的水资源供需平衡分析、需要以社会经济现状和未来发展规划资料、流域或区域的水资源调查评价及其开发利用评价为基础，对水资源的质、量、空间和时间进行配置。还分析了水资源配置目标、配置方案及方案决策，把水资源相关因素表达为向量最优化形式，构建配置模型，为决策者提供协商对话的基础，使决策更具有普遍性和公平合理性。

Reasonable allocation is becoming a research focus in the field of water resources. The authors discuss the whole course of reasonable allocation of water resources by expounding the content, foundation, and approaches. The key point of water resources reasonable allocation is to analyze the balance between supply and demand of water resources. In line with social economy and development plan, water resources are allocated from various aspects including quality, quantity, space, and time. We also analyze the target, scheme, and decision-making of water resources reasonable allocation, express related factors as optimized vectors, and establish an allocation model to make a general and reasonable decision. 